2020
|
 | Bernbeck, Reinhard; Hessari, Morteza; Pollock, Susan; Rol, Nolwen; Akbari, Hassan; Eger, Jana; Saeedi, Sepideh: Soundings at Three Chalcolithic Sites in the Varamin Plain, 2018. In: Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, vol. 49, pp. 49-75, 2020, ISSN: 1434-2758. @article{nokey,
title = {Soundings at Three Chalcolithic Sites in the Varamin Plain, 2018},
author = {Reinhard Bernbeck and Morteza Hessari and Susan Pollock and Nolwen Rol and Hassan Akbari and Jana Eger and Sepideh Saeedi},
url = {https://www.academia.edu/44150885/Soundings_at_Three_Chalcolithic_Sites_in_the_Varamin_Plain_2018},
issn = {1434-2758},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-00-00},
urldate = {2020-00-00},
journal = {Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan},
volume = {49},
pages = {49-75},
abstract = {The Chalcolithic period (late 5th and 4th mill. BCE) is central to an understanding of the social, economic, and political changes that led to the first states in western Asia as well as the early uses of writing and complex administrative systems in Iran and Mesopotamia at the end of that millennium. In Iran, the late 5th through the first half of the 4th mill. BCE is characterized by several broad, regionally distinct material culture patterns. They range from complex societies of the late Susiana and Uruk traditions in lowland Khuzestan to Lapui and Banesh in the Kur River Basin and surroundings and the Sialk III tradition on the central plateau. These traditions have ofen been treated as monolithic entities, with research geared towards the identification of broad similarities over large geographic areas. This has been done to the detriment of investigations of local specificities. We have no understanding yet as to how Sialk III or Banesh traditions might have found local expressions nor to what extent there existed economic, political, or cultural variability within such traditions.This pattern of regionalization gives way in the latter part of the 4th mill. to the Proto-Elamite phenomenon with its striking similarities in administrative artifacts and to some extent in mundane artifacts such as pottery. Proto-Elamite material culture, usually attributed to the Early Bronze Age, can be found across the central plateau and into the highland valleys of the Zagros as well as in the lowlands of southwestern Iran. Here, too, the pre-dominant research emphasis has rested on the ex-amination of similarities, with studies of regional differences taking the back seat until quite recently. The processes that led to the emergence of this macro-phenomenon are not well understood; further understandings of them will require investigations at both large and small scales. The project we present here aims to examine those long-term developments in the Varamin Plain, with a focus on the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age periods. We argue for the need for locally and regionally based understandings of these long-term trajectories. In this first phase of the project, we have placed our emphasis on the Sialk III period. In this paper we report on a series of brief soundings excavated in the summer of 2018 at the three Sialk III sites of Ahmadabad-e Kuzehgaran, Chaltasian South, and Ajor Pazi. Our goals for this initial work were the following:
–to investigate the depth of cultural deposits at each site as well as the preservation of architecture and other remains;
–to acquire organic samples with which to build a robust radiocarbon-based chronology for the Varamin Plain;
–to systematically recover and document pottery in order to construct a locally based ceramic chronology that can be connected to but does not directly depend on that used for other regions (e.g., the Sialk sequence);
–to systematically collect artifacts as a window into understanding economic practices;
–to collect animal bones, plant remains, and soil samples as a basis for investigating subsistence practices and local environmental conditions. The study of the finds and samples is underway. Here we present summaries of the fieldwork con-ducted and the first preliminary results of our analyses.
},
keywords = {Archaeobotany, Archaeozoology, Chalcolithic, Dating, Economy, Sounding, Tehran},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Chalcolithic period (late 5th and 4th mill. BCE) is central to an understanding of the social, economic, and political changes that led to the first states in western Asia as well as the early uses of writing and complex administrative systems in Iran and Mesopotamia at the end of that millennium. In Iran, the late 5th through the first half of the 4th mill. BCE is characterized by several broad, regionally distinct material culture patterns. They range from complex societies of the late Susiana and Uruk traditions in lowland Khuzestan to Lapui and Banesh in the Kur River Basin and surroundings and the Sialk III tradition on the central plateau. These traditions have ofen been treated as monolithic entities, with research geared towards the identification of broad similarities over large geographic areas. This has been done to the detriment of investigations of local specificities. We have no understanding yet as to how Sialk III or Banesh traditions might have found local expressions nor to what extent there existed economic, political, or cultural variability within such traditions.This pattern of regionalization gives way in the latter part of the 4th mill. to the Proto-Elamite phenomenon with its striking similarities in administrative artifacts and to some extent in mundane artifacts such as pottery. Proto-Elamite material culture, usually attributed to the Early Bronze Age, can be found across the central plateau and into the highland valleys of the Zagros as well as in the lowlands of southwestern Iran. Here, too, the pre-dominant research emphasis has rested on the ex-amination of similarities, with studies of regional differences taking the back seat until quite recently. The processes that led to the emergence of this macro-phenomenon are not well understood; further understandings of them will require investigations at both large and small scales. The project we present here aims to examine those long-term developments in the Varamin Plain, with a focus on the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age periods. We argue for the need for locally and regionally based understandings of these long-term trajectories. In this first phase of the project, we have placed our emphasis on the Sialk III period. In this paper we report on a series of brief soundings excavated in the summer of 2018 at the three Sialk III sites of Ahmadabad-e Kuzehgaran, Chaltasian South, and Ajor Pazi. Our goals for this initial work were the following:
–to investigate the depth of cultural deposits at each site as well as the preservation of architecture and other remains;
–to acquire organic samples with which to build a robust radiocarbon-based chronology for the Varamin Plain;
–to systematically recover and document pottery in order to construct a locally based ceramic chronology that can be connected to but does not directly depend on that used for other regions (e.g., the Sialk sequence);
–to systematically collect artifacts as a window into understanding economic practices;
–to collect animal bones, plant remains, and soil samples as a basis for investigating subsistence practices and local environmental conditions. The study of the finds and samples is underway. Here we present summaries of the fieldwork con-ducted and the first preliminary results of our analyses.
|
 | Brown, Michael; Rasheed, Kamal; Dörr, Roxana; Heiler, Jan: Die Bergbefestigung von Rabana-Merquly in Irakisch-Kurdistan: Ein Vorbericht der Grabungskampagne 2019. In: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, iss. 152, pp. 91-110, 2020. @article{nokey,
title = {Die Bergbefestigung von Rabana-Merquly in Irakisch-Kurdistan: Ein Vorbericht der Grabungskampagne 2019},
author = {Michael Brown and Kamal Rasheed and Roxana Dörr and Jan Heiler},
url = {https://www.orient-gesellschaft.de/repositorium/MDOG/MDOG_152_Brown_et_al.pdf},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-00-00},
urldate = {2020-00-00},
journal = {Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft},
issue = {152},
pages = {91-110},
abstract = {On the slopes of Mt. Piramagrun in the Zagros Mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan lies the fortified site of Rabana-Merquly. Ruins spread across c. 100 ha represent a major occupation during the Parthian period. Matching rock-reliefs that depict an anonymous ruler flank the two main entrances to the settlements. Pronounced similarities in attire between these sculptures and the statue of a king of Adiabene found at Hatra suggest a possible identification for both the individual depicted in relief (Natounissar) and the ancient city (Natounia-on-the-Kapros). Fieldwork in 2019 continued our ongoing programme of survey and excavation, with more detailed investigation of the complex at the entrance to Rabana valley.},
keywords = {Fortification, Kurdistan, Landscape, Parthian, Resilience},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
On the slopes of Mt. Piramagrun in the Zagros Mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan lies the fortified site of Rabana-Merquly. Ruins spread across c. 100 ha represent a major occupation during the Parthian period. Matching rock-reliefs that depict an anonymous ruler flank the two main entrances to the settlements. Pronounced similarities in attire between these sculptures and the statue of a king of Adiabene found at Hatra suggest a possible identification for both the individual depicted in relief (Natounissar) and the ancient city (Natounia-on-the-Kapros). Fieldwork in 2019 continued our ongoing programme of survey and excavation, with more detailed investigation of the complex at the entrance to Rabana valley. |
 | Garrison, Mark B.; Henkelman, Wouter F. M.: Sigillophobe suppliers and Idiosyncratic Scribes: Local Information Handling in Achaemenid Pārsa. In: The art of empire in Achaemenid Persia: Studies in honour of Margaret Cool Root, pp. 167–286, Leiden, 2020. @inbook{nokey,
title = {Sigillophobe suppliers and Idiosyncratic Scribes: Local Information Handling in Achaemenid Pārsa},
author = {Mark B. Garrison and Wouter F.M. Henkelman},
url = {https://www.academia.edu/52486828/Sigillophobe_suppliers_and_idiosyncratic_scribes_Local_information_handling_in_Achaemenid_P%C4%81rsa},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-00-00},
urldate = {2020-00-00},
booktitle = {The art of empire in Achaemenid Persia: Studies in honour of Margaret Cool Root},
pages = {167–286},
address = {Leiden},
series = {Achaemenid History 16},
abstract = {Greek sources, starting with Herodotus, marvelled about the Persian royal roads and the speed of travel and communication they permitted within the vast Achaemenid expanse. Much has been written about this vital network, the spine of empire: about the degree of connectivity it afforded, about the courses of the roads, the people who travelled on it, and the advantages that Alexander and his armies drew from it. The same Greek sources were much less interested in the logistic operation behind the network, with the notable exception of a passage in Pseudo-Aristotle’s Oeconomica, where Antimenes, a high administrator and Alexander appointee, is said to have bidden “the satraps replenish, in accordance with the law of the country, the storehouses/granaries (θησαυροὺς) along the royal roads.” Though offering little detail, this statement opens a view on the efforts necessary to maintain the way stations with sufficient supplies in flour, wine (or beer), fodder and, in the case of halting places for express messengers, fresh horses.},
keywords = {Achaemenid, Administration, Institutions, Mobility, Structure development, Textual sources},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
Greek sources, starting with Herodotus, marvelled about the Persian royal roads and the speed of travel and communication they permitted within the vast Achaemenid expanse. Much has been written about this vital network, the spine of empire: about the degree of connectivity it afforded, about the courses of the roads, the people who travelled on it, and the advantages that Alexander and his armies drew from it. The same Greek sources were much less interested in the logistic operation behind the network, with the notable exception of a passage in Pseudo-Aristotle’s Oeconomica, where Antimenes, a high administrator and Alexander appointee, is said to have bidden “the satraps replenish, in accordance with the law of the country, the storehouses/granaries (θησαυροὺς) along the royal roads.” Though offering little detail, this statement opens a view on the efforts necessary to maintain the way stations with sufficient supplies in flour, wine (or beer), fodder and, in the case of halting places for express messengers, fresh horses. |
 | Maziar, Sepideh; Zalaghi, Ali: Exploring Beyond the River and Inside the Valleys: Settlement Development and Cultural Landscape of the Araxes River Basin Through Time. In: Iran, iss. 59, pp. 36–56, 2020. @article{nokey,
title = {Exploring Beyond the River and Inside the Valleys: Settlement Development and Cultural Landscape of the Araxes River Basin Through Time},
author = {Sepideh Maziar and Ali Zalaghi},
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/05786967.2019.1708207},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2019.1708207},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-00-00},
urldate = {2020-00-00},
journal = {Iran},
issue = {59},
pages = {36–56},
abstract = {Geographical landmarks, especially rivers, have always played an important role in forming or hampering interplay between societies. In some cases, they act as a “communication route” and in some others as “obstacles”. In north-western Iran, it is possible that the Araxes River played such a decisive role by sculpting its surroundings. While our studies are not yet sufficiently adequate to understand the exact role of this river in different time spans, we can begin in some way to conceptualise its role in different periods. The Araxes Valley Archaeological Project (AVAP) was developed with the general aim of investigating settlement development from the fifth to the third millennium BC. Furthermore, studying the possible and probable routes of interaction, both inter- and intra-regional, between the Jolfa and Khoda Afarin plains and the southern Caucasus and north-western Iran, networks of contacts and exchange, and gaining a better understanding of the geographical characteristics of this area and its landscape were among our aims. In this article, the general history of occupation along this river is given to provide a preliminary database to understand the geographical and socio-political potential of this part in order to pursue more comprehensive studies in the future.},
keywords = {Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bronze Age, Caucasus, Chalcolithic, Georgia, Iron Age, Kura-Araxes, Landscape, Mobility, Neolithic, Settlement and subsistance systems, Settlement mobility, Settlement structure, Structure development},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Geographical landmarks, especially rivers, have always played an important role in forming or hampering interplay between societies. In some cases, they act as a “communication route” and in some others as “obstacles”. In north-western Iran, it is possible that the Araxes River played such a decisive role by sculpting its surroundings. While our studies are not yet sufficiently adequate to understand the exact role of this river in different time spans, we can begin in some way to conceptualise its role in different periods. The Araxes Valley Archaeological Project (AVAP) was developed with the general aim of investigating settlement development from the fifth to the third millennium BC. Furthermore, studying the possible and probable routes of interaction, both inter- and intra-regional, between the Jolfa and Khoda Afarin plains and the southern Caucasus and north-western Iran, networks of contacts and exchange, and gaining a better understanding of the geographical characteristics of this area and its landscape were among our aims. In this article, the general history of occupation along this river is given to provide a preliminary database to understand the geographical and socio-political potential of this part in order to pursue more comprehensive studies in the future. |
 | Henkelman, Wouter F. M.: Nakthor in Persepolis. In: Bullae and seals (Aršāma and his world: The Bodleian letters in context 2), pp. 193-223, Oxford, 2020. @inbook{NakthorinPersepolis,
title = {Nakthor in Persepolis},
author = {Wouter F.M. Henkelman},
url = {https://www.academia.edu/67513563/Nakht%E1%B8%A5or_in_Persepolis},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-00-00},
urldate = {2020-00-00},
booktitle = {Bullae and seals (Aršāma and his world: The Bodleian letters in context 2)},
issue = {II},
pages = {193-223},
address = {Oxford},
keywords = {Achaemenid, Fars, Seals},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
|
 | Eichhorn, Christian: Development of a concept for the water supply of the village Hamzehlu as well as a visitor center at the salt mine Chehrabad (Iran) with process and drinking water.. Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt. IWAR, Fachgebiet Wasserversorgung und Grundwasserschutz., 2020. @mastersthesis{nokey,
title = {Development of a concept for the water supply of the village Hamzehlu as well as a visitor center at the salt mine Chehrabad (Iran) with process and drinking water.},
author = {Christian Eichhorn},
url = {https://iranhighlands.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/MA_Eichhorn_Wasserprojekt_2021_kompr.pdf},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-00-00},
urldate = {2020-00-00},
school = {Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt. IWAR, Fachgebiet Wasserversorgung und Grundwasserschutz.},
abstract = {In the rural regions of Iran, the smaller villages have to make some independent efforts to build a
water supply infrastructure. Since the village of Hamzehlu is located near the Douzlak salt dome,
where archaeologically valuable finds are repeatedly made, the Gerda Henkel Foundation is
financing the construction of an infrastructure to supply the village with both service and drinking
water. During stays on site, the terrain was explored and pump tests have been carried out. Based
on the villagers' water consumption, in this thesis the infrastructure is designed, its construction is
planned and an economic efficiency analysis is carried out.
A total of six variants of the infrastructure were developed. Three of them refer to the different
wells which are available for supply; the remaining three variants refer to the various locations for a
planned visitor center which is to be realized in a further project. The evaluation of the individual
variants led to the Reza abaad well being recommended as a supply well for the infrastructure.
Furthermore, the location on the plateau above the village received the best rating as the location
for the future visitor center.
Due to the high total concentration of dissolved solids (TDS) of the region's groundwater, only a
reverse osmosis plant can be considered as a treatment plant. This relatively expensive process can
produce water of sufficient drinking water quality. The difficulty here is that the price of the plant
components also pushes up the price of water. The cost analysis of the preferred variant
combination has shown, that the total investment costs are 21.680,26 å for the Iranian offer and
additional personnel costs of 5.045,70 å are required to build the structures. The annual operating
cPTUT Pf 451,07 å aSe JOcVSSed, SeTVMUJOg JO a QSJce Pf abPVU 1 å/Nâ drinking water, to fully cover
the costs of operation and maintenance of the plant.
},
keywords = {Water},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {mastersthesis}
}
In the rural regions of Iran, the smaller villages have to make some independent efforts to build a
water supply infrastructure. Since the village of Hamzehlu is located near the Douzlak salt dome,
where archaeologically valuable finds are repeatedly made, the Gerda Henkel Foundation is
financing the construction of an infrastructure to supply the village with both service and drinking
water. During stays on site, the terrain was explored and pump tests have been carried out. Based
on the villagers' water consumption, in this thesis the infrastructure is designed, its construction is
planned and an economic efficiency analysis is carried out.
A total of six variants of the infrastructure were developed. Three of them refer to the different
wells which are available for supply; the remaining three variants refer to the various locations for a
planned visitor center which is to be realized in a further project. The evaluation of the individual
variants led to the Reza abaad well being recommended as a supply well for the infrastructure.
Furthermore, the location on the plateau above the village received the best rating as the location
for the future visitor center.
Due to the high total concentration of dissolved solids (TDS) of the region's groundwater, only a
reverse osmosis plant can be considered as a treatment plant. This relatively expensive process can
produce water of sufficient drinking water quality. The difficulty here is that the price of the plant
components also pushes up the price of water. The cost analysis of the preferred variant
combination has shown, that the total investment costs are 21.680,26 å for the Iranian offer and
additional personnel costs of 5.045,70 å are required to build the structures. The annual operating
cPTUT Pf 451,07 å aSe JOcVSSed, SeTVMUJOg JO a QSJce Pf abPVU 1 å/Nâ drinking water, to fully cover
the costs of operation and maintenance of the plant.
|
| Pfingsthorn, Matias: Geoelectric investigations of the detection of groundwater sources in the area of Hamzehlooh, Zanjan, Iran. Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus. Chair of Raw Material and Natural Resource Management , 2020. @bachelorthesis{nokey,
title = {Geoelectric investigations of the detection of groundwater sources in the area of Hamzehlooh, Zanjan, Iran},
author = {Matias Pfingsthorn},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-00-00},
school = {Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus. Chair of Raw Material and Natural Resource Management },
keywords = {Water},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {bachelorthesis}
}
|
2019
|
 | Amelirad, Sheler; Azizi, Eghbal: Kani Koter, Iron Age Cemetery from Iranian Kurdistan. In: Iran, vol. 59, iss. 1, pp. 57-76, 2019. @article{nokey,
title = {Kani Koter, Iron Age Cemetery from Iranian Kurdistan},
author = {Sheler Amelirad and Eghbal Azizi},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2019.1633240},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-07-01},
journal = {Iran},
volume = {59},
issue = {1},
pages = {57-76},
abstract = {Kani Koter cemetery is located in Iranian Kurdistan, close to Dere Pemeyan (or Persian Dare Panbedan) village, between the ancient sites of Ziwiye and Karafto Cave (Figure 1). In this article, we discuss the material discovered from one of the graves in this cemetery, its chronology, and cultural associations. Unfortunately, tomb robbers plundered this grave, completely ruining the tomb's stratigraphic context. Fortunately, in 2016 the Cultural Heritage Organization of Kurdistan rescued all of the stolen artefacts, and today the collection is stored at the Sanandaj Museum. The grave has yielded a number of elaborately decorated objects that belong nominally to Assyrian, Urartian and Mannaean artistic traditions, with the date for the finds being established by means of comparisons with Assyrian and Urartian artefacts.},
keywords = {Chronology, Iron Age, Kurdistan, Material Analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Kani Koter cemetery is located in Iranian Kurdistan, close to Dere Pemeyan (or Persian Dare Panbedan) village, between the ancient sites of Ziwiye and Karafto Cave (Figure 1). In this article, we discuss the material discovered from one of the graves in this cemetery, its chronology, and cultural associations. Unfortunately, tomb robbers plundered this grave, completely ruining the tomb's stratigraphic context. Fortunately, in 2016 the Cultural Heritage Organization of Kurdistan rescued all of the stolen artefacts, and today the collection is stored at the Sanandaj Museum. The grave has yielded a number of elaborately decorated objects that belong nominally to Assyrian, Urartian and Mannaean artistic traditions, with the date for the finds being established by means of comparisons with Assyrian and Urartian artefacts. |
 | Aali, Abolfazl; Stöllner, Thomas; Firuzmandi, Bahman: Analyzing Archaeological Finds from the Chehrabad Salt Mine. In: Journal of Archaeological Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 191-210, 2019. @article{nokey,
title = {Analyzing Archaeological Finds from the Chehrabad Salt Mine},
author = {Abolfazl Aali and Thomas Stöllner and Bahman Firuzmandi},
url = {https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir/article_73118.html?lang=en},
doi = {10.22059/JARCS.2019.73118},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-00-00},
urldate = {2019-00-00},
journal = {Journal of Archaeological Studies},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {191-210},
abstract = {The Chehrabad salt mine is one of the rare ancient salt mine in the world and the only identified salt mine in Iran which has evidences of salt extracting over a long time span from 500 BC to modern times. According to the field researches conducted so far, in the excavated area, mining activities are proven to be in use in the Achaemenid, Sasanian, Middle and Late Islamic periods. After the accidental discoveries in 1993 and 2004, several season of excavation and archaeological surveys, have been carried out in the mine and around it. Archaeological researches brought to light interesting results concerning the techniques, periods and extracting tools, also relation between salt mine and the archaeological sites around it. Digging deep tunnels inside the salt rock deposits in different dimensions and sizes and using the various extraction tools can be seen in the excavated area with the difference in details in all the aforementioned periods. The long- term salt extraction activities and multi- periodic collapse of the tunnels, have resulted the formation of various layers such as fall, occupation, mining and erosion layers in different parts of the mine and the filling many of its old tunnels. According to documents, Most of the discovered human remains were probably non- native miners who died during catastrophic mining accidents and mummified naturally.},
keywords = {Achaemenid, Mining, Resilience, Resources, Sasanian, Zanjan},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Chehrabad salt mine is one of the rare ancient salt mine in the world and the only identified salt mine in Iran which has evidences of salt extracting over a long time span from 500 BC to modern times. According to the field researches conducted so far, in the excavated area, mining activities are proven to be in use in the Achaemenid, Sasanian, Middle and Late Islamic periods. After the accidental discoveries in 1993 and 2004, several season of excavation and archaeological surveys, have been carried out in the mine and around it. Archaeological researches brought to light interesting results concerning the techniques, periods and extracting tools, also relation between salt mine and the archaeological sites around it. Digging deep tunnels inside the salt rock deposits in different dimensions and sizes and using the various extraction tools can be seen in the excavated area with the difference in details in all the aforementioned periods. The long- term salt extraction activities and multi- periodic collapse of the tunnels, have resulted the formation of various layers such as fall, occupation, mining and erosion layers in different parts of the mine and the filling many of its old tunnels. According to documents, Most of the discovered human remains were probably non- native miners who died during catastrophic mining accidents and mummified naturally. |
 | Nasab, Hamed Vahdati; Aali, Abolfazl; Kazzazi, Mandan; Pollard, Mark; Stöllner, Thomas: Reappraisal of the number of salt mummies identified in Chehrābād Salt Mine, Zanjan, Iran. In: Bioarchaeology of the Near East, vol. 13, pp. 23-47, 2019. @article{nokey,
title = {Reappraisal of the number of salt mummies identified in Chehrābād Salt Mine, Zanjan, Iran},
author = {Hamed Vahdati Nasab and Abolfazl Aali and Mandan Kazzazi and Mark Pollard and Thomas Stöllner
},
url = {http://www.anthropology.uw.edu.pl/13/bne-13-03.pdf},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-00-00},
urldate = {2019-00-00},
journal = {Bioarchaeology of the Near East},
volume = {13},
pages = {23-47},
abstract = {The Chehrābād Salt Mine mummies were first discovered in 1993. So far, six individuals have been identified in the mine. Three (1, 2, and 3) were found accidentally by miners, while another three (4, 5, and 6) were discovered through systematic archaeological excavations. This article shows that there are two more individuals represented in the collection, bringing the total number of mummies to eight. Osteological examination confirms that the extra bones initially placed with Salt Man 1 belong to another individual, possibly a young adult male, of unknown date, called Salt Man 7. In addition, results
from AMS dating of an extra piece of mandible, which was originally placed with the skeletal remains of Salt Man 3, indicates that this specimen does not belong to this individual; it was removed from the collection and renamed as Salt Man 8. The osteological analysis of the bone remains of Salt Man 8 suggests that this individual might also be a young male.},
keywords = {Achaemenid, Mining, Resilience, Resources, Sasanian, Zanjan},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Chehrābād Salt Mine mummies were first discovered in 1993. So far, six individuals have been identified in the mine. Three (1, 2, and 3) were found accidentally by miners, while another three (4, 5, and 6) were discovered through systematic archaeological excavations. This article shows that there are two more individuals represented in the collection, bringing the total number of mummies to eight. Osteological examination confirms that the extra bones initially placed with Salt Man 1 belong to another individual, possibly a young adult male, of unknown date, called Salt Man 7. In addition, results
from AMS dating of an extra piece of mandible, which was originally placed with the skeletal remains of Salt Man 3, indicates that this specimen does not belong to this individual; it was removed from the collection and renamed as Salt Man 8. The osteological analysis of the bone remains of Salt Man 8 suggests that this individual might also be a young male. |
 | Hessari, Morteza; Bernbeck, Reinhard; Pollock, Susan: Gamaneh-zani va nemuneh-bardari az mahutehha-ye bastani beh manzur-e shenakht-e tawali-ye sokunat (hezar-e chaharrom va sevom pish az milad) va baz-sazi-ye ab-o hava’i-ye bastani-ye dasht-e Varamin. In: Gozaresh-haye hafdahomin gerd-hama’i-ye salane-ye bastan shenassi-ye Iran, pp. 318–322, Cultural Heritage and Tourism Institute, 2019. @inbook{nokey,
title = {Gamaneh-zani va nemuneh-bardari az mahutehha-ye bastani beh manzur-e shenakht-e tawali-ye sokunat (hezar-e chaharrom va sevom pish az milad) va baz-sazi-ye ab-o hava’i-ye bastani-ye dasht-e Varamin},
author = {Morteza Hessari and Reinhard Bernbeck and Susan Pollock},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-00-00},
urldate = {2019-00-00},
booktitle = {Gozaresh-haye hafdahomin gerd-hama’i-ye salane-ye bastan shenassi-ye Iran},
pages = {318–322},
publisher = {Cultural Heritage and Tourism Institute},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
|
2018
|
 | Grömer, Karina; Aali, Abolfazl; Stöllner, Thomas; Ruß-Popa, Gabriela; Kashani, Natascha Bagherpour: Kleidungs- und Textilgeschichte aus dem Salz. Forschungen im Salzbergwerk Chehrabad, Iran. In: UNIVERSUM Magazin, pp. 10-12, 2018. @article{nokey,
title = {Kleidungs- und Textilgeschichte aus dem Salz. Forschungen im Salzbergwerk Chehrabad, Iran},
author = {Karina Grömer and Abolfazl Aali and Thomas Stöllner and Gabriela Ruß-Popa and Natascha Bagherpour Kashani},
url = {https://www.academia.edu/37586141/Kleidungs_und_Textilgeschichte_aus_dem_Salz_Forschungen_im_Salzbergwerk_Chehrabad_Iran_UNIVERSUM_Magazin_2018_K_Gr%C3%B6mer_A_Aali_T_St%C3%B6llner_Natascha_Bagherpour_G_Ru%C3%9F_Popa_},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-00-00},
urldate = {2018-00-00},
journal = {UNIVERSUM Magazin},
pages = {10-12},
publisher = {LW Media},
address = {Wien},
keywords = {Salt},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
 | Grömer, Karina; Kashani, Natascha Bagherpour: The Saltmummies of Zanjan. Textile Research in Iran in a Conservation and exhibition project. In: Archaeological Textiles Review, vol. 60, pp. 110-113, 2018. @article{nokey,
title = {The Saltmummies of Zanjan. Textile Research in Iran in a Conservation and exhibition project},
author = {Karina Grömer and Natascha Bagherpour Kashani},
url = {https://www.academia.edu/38717688/_The_Saltmummies_of_Zanjan_Textile_research_in_Iran_in_a_conservation_and_exhibition_project_In_Archaeological_Textiles_Review_60_2018_110_113},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-00-00},
urldate = {2018-00-00},
journal = {Archaeological Textiles Review},
volume = {60},
pages = {110-113},
keywords = {Salt},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2017
|
| Amelirad, Sheler; Mohajerynezhad, Abdolrezer; Javidkhah, Masoume: A Report on the Excavation at the Mala Mcha Graveyard, Kurdistan, Iran. In: Iran, vol. 55, iss. 2, pp. 171-207, 2017. @article{nokey,
title = {A Report on the Excavation at the Mala Mcha Graveyard, Kurdistan, Iran},
author = {Sheler Amelirad and Abdolrezer Mohajerynezhad and Masoume Javidkhah},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2017.1355523},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-10-02},
journal = {Iran},
volume = {55},
issue = {2},
pages = {171-207},
abstract = {The Mala Mcha graveyard is located in Iranian Kurdistan, near the ancient Mannaean site of Ziwiya. Abdolreza Mohajerynezhad and Rasol Oshtodan conducted rescue excavations at Mala Mcha in 2012, and 16 graves were uncovered. Although most of the graves had been plundered by tomb robbers the tomb structures, and especially the grave-goods that remained, suggest an Iron Age III date and close relations with neighbouring sites such as Ziwiye, Qalaichi and Changbar. Most of the graves were covered with large flat slabs and contained one, two or three burials, the exception being tomb no. 7 with 14 burials.},
keywords = {Chronology, Excavation, Iron, Iron Age, Kurdistan, Zagros Highlands},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Mala Mcha graveyard is located in Iranian Kurdistan, near the ancient Mannaean site of Ziwiya. Abdolreza Mohajerynezhad and Rasol Oshtodan conducted rescue excavations at Mala Mcha in 2012, and 16 graves were uncovered. Although most of the graves had been plundered by tomb robbers the tomb structures, and especially the grave-goods that remained, suggest an Iron Age III date and close relations with neighbouring sites such as Ziwiye, Qalaichi and Changbar. Most of the graves were covered with large flat slabs and contained one, two or three burials, the exception being tomb no. 7 with 14 burials. |
2015
|
 | Amelirad, Sheler; Razmpoush, Abbas: A Newly Discovered Iron Age Site at Sarrez, Iranian Kurdistan. In: Ancient Near Eastern Studies, vol. 52, pp. 207-216, 2015. @article{nokey,
title = {A Newly Discovered Iron Age Site at Sarrez, Iranian Kurdistan},
author = {Sheler Amelirad and Abbas Razmpoush},
url = {https://www.academia.edu/114594398/A_Newly_Discovered_Iron_Age_Site_at_Sarrez_Iranian_Kurdistan?uc-sb-sw=101233969},
doi = {10.2143/ANES.52.0.3082869},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Ancient Near Eastern Studies},
volume = {52},
pages = {207-216},
abstract = {Sarrez is an ancient site in Kurdistan Province, Iran, near the present-day country town of Kamyaran. This site was discovered accidentally during dam construction activities. It has yielded some metal artefacts, potsherds and bones that are comparable to Iron Age III instances. The collection in its entirety is discussed in this article. One of the main objects from Sarrez is a decorated beaker with a scene on its wall that is comparable in many ways to examples of Neo-Assyrian art. The purpose of this paper is to publish and date the metal objects of the Sarrez collection based on this bronze beaker, which is one the few beakers from western Iran which has been found in a secure context.
},
keywords = {Iron Age, Kurdistan, Material Analysis, Zagros, Zagros Highlands},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sarrez is an ancient site in Kurdistan Province, Iran, near the present-day country town of Kamyaran. This site was discovered accidentally during dam construction activities. It has yielded some metal artefacts, potsherds and bones that are comparable to Iron Age III instances. The collection in its entirety is discussed in this article. One of the main objects from Sarrez is a decorated beaker with a scene on its wall that is comparable in many ways to examples of Neo-Assyrian art. The purpose of this paper is to publish and date the metal objects of the Sarrez collection based on this bronze beaker, which is one the few beakers from western Iran which has been found in a secure context.
|
 | Aali, Abolfazl; Stöllner, Thomas (Ed.): The Archaeology of the Salt Miners. Interdisciplinary Research 2010-2014.. 2015, ISSN: 0947-6229. @book{nokey,
title = {The Archaeology of the Salt Miners. Interdisciplinary Research 2010-2014.},
editor = {Abolfazl Aali and Thomas Stöllner},
url = {https://bergbaumuseum-shop.de/THE-ARCHAEOLOGY-OF-THE-SALT-MINERS},
issn = {0947-6229},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-00-00},
urldate = {2015-00-00},
volume = {21},
number = {1-2},
series = {Metalla},
keywords = {Achaemenid, Mining, Resilience, Resources, Sasanian, Zanjan},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
|
2012
|
| Aali, Abolfazl; Stöllner, Thomas; Abar, Aydin; Rüli, Frank: The Salt Men of Iran: The salt mine of Douzlakh, Chehrabad. In: Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt , iss. 42, no. 1, pp. 61-81, 2012. @article{nokey,
title = {The Salt Men of Iran: The salt mine of Douzlakh, Chehrabad},
author = {Abolfazl Aali and Thomas Stöllner and Aydin Abar and Frank Rüli
},
url = {https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/ak/article/view/90630/85233
},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.11588/ak.2012.1.90630},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
urldate = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt },
number = {1},
issue = {42},
pages = {61-81},
publisher = {Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums},
abstract = {During 2004, 2005, and 2010 scientific excavations took place at the salt mine of Chehrābād. According to the work conducted and further scientific investigations, the beginning of salt exploitation dates to the mid-first millennium BC. Some indications possibly hint to mining activities during the Late Arsacid period. Salt extraction certainly was taken up again during the Sassanian period and might have continued up to the Early Islamic period. The extraction was carried out as a chamber-pillar mining; no wooden props have been found so far, although the mummified bodies of mine workers and the context bear ample witness of instabilities and mining catastrophes. The first two campaigns were conducted by the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization/Miras Farhangi under the auspices of Abolfazl Aali. The excavation in 2010 laid the basis for the establishment of a multinational group of scientists, comprising research facilities in Iran, Germany, Great Britain, France, and Switzerland.
},
keywords = {Mining, Salt},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
During 2004, 2005, and 2010 scientific excavations took place at the salt mine of Chehrābād. According to the work conducted and further scientific investigations, the beginning of salt exploitation dates to the mid-first millennium BC. Some indications possibly hint to mining activities during the Late Arsacid period. Salt extraction certainly was taken up again during the Sassanian period and might have continued up to the Early Islamic period. The extraction was carried out as a chamber-pillar mining; no wooden props have been found so far, although the mummified bodies of mine workers and the context bear ample witness of instabilities and mining catastrophes. The first two campaigns were conducted by the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization/Miras Farhangi under the auspices of Abolfazl Aali. The excavation in 2010 laid the basis for the establishment of a multinational group of scientists, comprising research facilities in Iran, Germany, Great Britain, France, and Switzerland.
|
 | Amelirad, Sheler; Overlaet, Bruno; Haerinck, Ernie: The Iron Age “Zagros Graveyard” Near Sanandaj (Iranian Kurdistan): Preliminary Report on the First Season. In: Iranica Antiqua, vol. 47, pp. 41-99, 2012. @article{nokey,
title = {The Iron Age “Zagros Graveyard” Near Sanandaj (Iranian Kurdistan): Preliminary Report on the First Season},
author = {Sheler Amelirad and Bruno Overlaet and Ernie Haerinck},
url = {https://www.academia.edu/1874022/The_Iron_Age_Zagros_Graveyard_Near_Sanandaj_Iranian_Kurdistan_Preliminary_Report_on_the_First_Season_Sh_Amelirad_E_Haerinck_and_B_Overlaet_2012},
doi = {10.2143/IA.47.0.2141961},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
urldate = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Iranica Antiqua},
volume = {47},
pages = {41-99},
abstract = {An Iron Age graveyard, for the most part dating from the 8th - 7th century BC, was accidentally discovered in 2008 during road works near Sanandaj, Iranian Kurdistan. Rescue excavations were conducted by the Cultural Heritage Department in Sanandaj. The present contribution reports on these first excavations during which more than 20 graves were discovered in two squares and a trench. A selection of the graves and the burial goods are discussed.},
keywords = {Ceramics, Chronology, Excavation, Iron, Iron Age, Kurdistan, Pottery, Zagros, Zagros Highlands},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
An Iron Age graveyard, for the most part dating from the 8th - 7th century BC, was accidentally discovered in 2008 during road works near Sanandaj, Iranian Kurdistan. Rescue excavations were conducted by the Cultural Heritage Department in Sanandaj. The present contribution reports on these first excavations during which more than 20 graves were discovered in two squares and a trench. A selection of the graves and the burial goods are discussed. |
2011
|
| Amini, Sarem: Investigations at "Chakherbaz Holes", Kurdistan, Iran: A Possible Ancient Mining/Metallurgical Site. 2011. @workingpaper{nokey,
title = {Investigations at "Chakherbaz Holes", Kurdistan, Iran: A Possible Ancient Mining/Metallurgical Site},
author = {Sarem Amini
},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-00-00},
urldate = {2011-00-00},
pages = {1-11},
publisher = {University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran},
abstract = {The "Chakherbaz suspected Hole" in western Iran, Kurdistan, was investigated to unravel its mystery of origin. This led to the discovery of some materials, including metal-bearing slag fragments and some partially oxidized iron grains within the soils covering the inside and outside surfaces of the hole which indicate possible metallurgical or smithing practices at the site. The nature of the slag materials found suggest iron smelting; although indications of copper mineralization and the presence of chalcopyrite grains within the slag fragments equally present evidences for copper metallurgy. This seems to have implications for the origin of the holes which are thought to be abandoned surface mines. This notion is further supported by the discovery of pottery in the fill materials and lithics suspected to be ancient stone mining tools.
},
keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Mining},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {workingpaper}
}
The "Chakherbaz suspected Hole" in western Iran, Kurdistan, was investigated to unravel its mystery of origin. This led to the discovery of some materials, including metal-bearing slag fragments and some partially oxidized iron grains within the soils covering the inside and outside surfaces of the hole which indicate possible metallurgical or smithing practices at the site. The nature of the slag materials found suggest iron smelting; although indications of copper mineralization and the presence of chalcopyrite grains within the slag fragments equally present evidences for copper metallurgy. This seems to have implications for the origin of the holes which are thought to be abandoned surface mines. This notion is further supported by the discovery of pottery in the fill materials and lithics suspected to be ancient stone mining tools.
|
2009
|
| Thornton, Christopher P.; Rehren, Thilo; Pigott, Vincent Charles: The production of speiss (iron arsenide) during the Early Bronze Age in Iran. In: Journal of Archaeological Science, iss. 36, no. 2, pp. 308-316, 2009. @article{nokey,
title = {The production of speiss (iron arsenide) during the Early Bronze Age in Iran},
author = {Christopher P. Thornton and Thilo Rehren and Vincent Charles Pigott},
doi = {10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.017},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
urldate = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
number = {2},
issue = {36},
pages = {308-316},
publisher = {Academic Press},
abstract = {In this paper, analyses of some unusual slag samples from the prehistoric site of Tepe Hissar in northeastern Iran are presented. These slags are the remains of a five-thousand-year-old pyrotechnological process that produced speiss, a quasi-metallic material usually formed as an accidental by-product of copper or lead smelting. We argue that the "speiss slags" from Tepe Hissar suggest the intentional production of iron-arsenic alloy ("speiss") in prehistory. Why the Tepe Hissar metalworkers produced speiss is a question that requires further investigation, but our preliminary assessment suggests that it was to provide arsenic as an alloying component for arsenical copper, the preferred copper alloy during much of the Early Bronze Age in Iran, and widely used across the ancient world. This recognition significantly advances our understanding of the early stages of metallurgy in the Old World.},
keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In this paper, analyses of some unusual slag samples from the prehistoric site of Tepe Hissar in northeastern Iran are presented. These slags are the remains of a five-thousand-year-old pyrotechnological process that produced speiss, a quasi-metallic material usually formed as an accidental by-product of copper or lead smelting. We argue that the "speiss slags" from Tepe Hissar suggest the intentional production of iron-arsenic alloy ("speiss") in prehistory. Why the Tepe Hissar metalworkers produced speiss is a question that requires further investigation, but our preliminary assessment suggests that it was to provide arsenic as an alloying component for arsenical copper, the preferred copper alloy during much of the Early Bronze Age in Iran, and widely used across the ancient world. This recognition significantly advances our understanding of the early stages of metallurgy in the Old World. |
| Tosi, Maurizio: The Notion of Craft Specialization and its Representation in the Archaeological Record of Early States in the Turanian Basin. 2009, ISBN: 9780521109277. @workingpaper{nokey,
title = {The Notion of Craft Specialization and its Representation in the Archaeological Record of Early States in the Turanian Basin},
author = {Maurizio Tosi
},
url = {https://www.cambridge.org/dk/academic/subjects/archaeology/archaeological-theory-and-methods/marxist-perspectives-archaeology?format=PB&isbn=9780521109277
},
isbn = {9780521109277},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-00-00},
booktitle = {To appear in: Marxist Perspectives in Archaeology (New Directions in Archaeology) 2009},
pages = {22-52},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {workingpaper}
}
|
2008
|
| Begemann, Friedrich; Haerinck, Ernie; Overlaet, B.; Schmitt-Strecker, Sigrid; Tallon, François: An Archaeo-Metallurgical Study of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Luristan, Iran. In: Iranica Antiqua, vol. 43, pp. 1-34, 2008. @article{nokey,
title = {An Archaeo-Metallurgical Study of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Luristan, Iran},
author = {Friedrich Begemann and Ernie Haerinck and B. Overlaet and Sigrid Schmitt-Strecker and François Tallon
},
doi = {10.2143/IA.43.0.2024041},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
urldate = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Iranica Antiqua},
volume = {43},
pages = {1-34},
publisher = {Peeters},
abstract = {Copper-base artefacts from Bronze Age Luristan have been analysed for their chemical composition and the isotopic composition of their lead. We find no significant systematic differences between a group of objects recovered in the Pusht-i Kuh region in the course of controlled excavations during the Belgian Archaeological Mission in Iran (BAMI) and a second group of artefacts from the Louvre Museum which were acquired on the art market. According to these material features the objects from the art market are made of genuine "Luristan" metal which does not exclude the possibility that the artefacts are recent forgeries made of "old" metal. The data suggest a large fraction of the artefacts, copper and bronze, to derive from copper ores as they are available in the eastern part of the central Zagros Mountains from where also tin ores have been reported. Bronzes with high 206Pb-normalized abundance ratios, conspicuous in contemporary Mesopotamia, are missing in Luristan. We have no satisfactory explanation to offer why the manifold cultural and material connections between Mesopotamia and Luristan should have excluded the trade in bronzes with such exceptional lead isotopy.
},
keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Bronze Age, Copper, copper base},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Copper-base artefacts from Bronze Age Luristan have been analysed for their chemical composition and the isotopic composition of their lead. We find no significant systematic differences between a group of objects recovered in the Pusht-i Kuh region in the course of controlled excavations during the Belgian Archaeological Mission in Iran (BAMI) and a second group of artefacts from the Louvre Museum which were acquired on the art market. According to these material features the objects from the art market are made of genuine "Luristan" metal which does not exclude the possibility that the artefacts are recent forgeries made of "old" metal. The data suggest a large fraction of the artefacts, copper and bronze, to derive from copper ores as they are available in the eastern part of the central Zagros Mountains from where also tin ores have been reported. Bronzes with high 206Pb-normalized abundance ratios, conspicuous in contemporary Mesopotamia, are missing in Luristan. We have no satisfactory explanation to offer why the manifold cultural and material connections between Mesopotamia and Luristan should have excluded the trade in bronzes with such exceptional lead isotopy.
|
2007
|
| Thornton, Christopher P.; Rehren, Th.: Report of the first Iranian prehistoric slag workshop. In: Iran, vol. 45, pp. 315-318, 2007. @article{nokey,
title = {Report of the first Iranian prehistoric slag workshop},
author = {Christopher P. Thornton and Th. Rehren
},
doi = {10.1080/05786967.2007.11869198},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Iran},
volume = {45},
pages = {315-318},
publisher = {Taylor and Francis},
abstract = {"In December of 2006, a small workshop was held at the UCL Institute of Archaeology to bring together established and emerging
scholars currently working on ancient Iranian metallurgy, most especially those focused on the production debris (i.e., slag,
furnace lining, etc.). This paper presents a summary of that meeting in order to introduce these scholars to the wider
archaeological audience, and to provide a basic idea of the sorts of questions being asked of, and the answers being received from,
current scientific studies of these materials."
},
keywords = {Archaeometallurgy},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
"In December of 2006, a small workshop was held at the UCL Institute of Archaeology to bring together established and emerging
scholars currently working on ancient Iranian metallurgy, most especially those focused on the production debris (i.e., slag,
furnace lining, etc.). This paper presents a summary of that meeting in order to introduce these scholars to the wider
archaeological audience, and to provide a basic idea of the sorts of questions being asked of, and the answers being received from,
current scientific studies of these materials."
|
| Daems, Aurelie; Croucher, Karina: Artificial cranial modification in prehistoric Iran: Evidence from crania and figurines. In: Iranica Antiqua, vol. 42, pp. 1-21, 2007. @article{nokey,
title = {Artificial cranial modification in prehistoric Iran: Evidence from crania and figurines},
author = {Aurelie Daems and Karina Croucher
},
doi = {10.2143/IA.42.0.2017868},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Iranica Antiqua},
volume = {42},
pages = {1-21},
publisher = {Peeters},
abstract = {Figurines have traditionally been investigated in terms of their typology and related function. However, the figurine record1 may additionally contribute to studies of the body and identity, providing evidence into how the body may have been physically treated or manipulated, such as through examples of artificial cranial modification. We discuss this phenomenon with relation to skeletal evidence from Late Neolithic to Middle Chalcolithic Iran2, providing an overview of existing evidence for cranial modification, as well as assessing the role an examination of the figurine record can play, providing further insights into bodily practices and the social implications of cranial modification.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Figurines have traditionally been investigated in terms of their typology and related function. However, the figurine record1 may additionally contribute to studies of the body and identity, providing evidence into how the body may have been physically treated or manipulated, such as through examples of artificial cranial modification. We discuss this phenomenon with relation to skeletal evidence from Late Neolithic to Middle Chalcolithic Iran2, providing an overview of existing evidence for cranial modification, as well as assessing the role an examination of the figurine record can play, providing further insights into bodily practices and the social implications of cranial modification.
|
2006
|
| Nezafati, Nima; Pernicka, Ernst; Momenzadeh, Morteza: Ancient tin: Old question and a new answer. In: Antiquity, vol. 80, iss. 308, pp. 1-5, 2006. @article{nokey,
title = {Ancient tin: Old question and a new answer},
author = {Nima Nezafati and Ernst Pernicka and Morteza Momenzadeh
},
url = {https://www.academia.edu/17063293/Ancient_tin_Old_question_and_a_new_answer},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-06-01},
journal = {Antiquity},
volume = {80},
issue = {308},
pages = {1-5},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Tin},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
| Helwing, Barbara: Rez.: Bellelli, Gloria M.: Vasi iranici in metallo dell' Eta del Bronzo. In: Praehistorische Zeitschrift, vol. 81, pp. 125-126, 2006. @article{nokey,
title = {Rez.: Bellelli, Gloria M.: Vasi iranici in metallo dell' Eta del Bronzo},
author = {Barbara Helwing},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/prhz.2006.81.2.237},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-00-00},
journal = {Praehistorische Zeitschrift},
volume = {81},
pages = {125-126},
publisher = {De Gruyter},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
| Nezafati, Nima: Au-Sn-W-Cu-Mineralization in the Astaneh-Sarband Area, West Central Iran: including a comparison of the ores with ancient bronze artifacts from Western Asia. 2006. @phdthesis{nokey,
title = {Au-Sn-W-Cu-Mineralization in the Astaneh-Sarband Area, West Central Iran: including a comparison of the ores with ancient bronze artifacts from Western Asia},
author = {Nima Nezafati
},
url = {https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/48972
},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-00-00},
publisher = {Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen},
abstract = {The present study deals with two primary aims; (1) geological, mineralogical, and geochemical investigations of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh, and Nezam Abad mineralizations in the Astaneh-Sarband area, west central Iran, with the aim to understand the characteristics of the occurrences and their conditions of formation, and (2) geochemical investigations on ancient bronze artifacts from Iran and Western Asia in order to compare their characteristics with the high-tin copper ore of Deh Hosein and examine their possible relationship. The Astaneh-Sarband area is located in the northern part of the NW-SE aligned Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt and consists mainly of Mesozoic schists, Middle Jurassic to Middle Tertiary intrusive rocks and related contact metamorphic aureoles, and pegmatites. Regional metamorphism in the area has reached a peak of greenschist facies, but further metamorphism has occurred locally, associated with granitoid emplacement. Magmatism has produced large felsic to intermediate intrusive bodies along a general northwest trend. The main trend of the faults, fractures and other structural features of the area is NW-SE. The Deh Hosein prospect is mainly hosted by Jurassic meta-sedimentary rocks, which have been intruded by the Astaneh complex. Mineralization continues into the southern part of the Astaneh intrusion. The meta-sedimentary rocks consist of alternating meta-sandstone, phyllite, schist, spotted slate and hornfels. The main faults and other structural features, with NW and NE trends, have controlled the mineralization, which occurs in the form of quartz, quartz-sulfide and quartz-gossan veins and veinlets, partly sheeted in structure. These veins are up to 1.5 m wide and several to tens of meters long. Mineralization also occurs as disseminations and impregnations, especially in the vein selvages. Adjacent to and within zones of intense quartz veining, the predominant alteration assemblage is quartz + sericite + tourmaline + monazite. Some 35 metalliferous minerals have been detected at Deh Hosein. Arsenopyrite is the dominant sulfide mineral, with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite > pyrite > pyrrhotite. Cassiterite and ferberite are the rather abundant oxide minerals. The sulfide content in the ore is generally less than two volume percent. Arsenopyrite associated with early alteration and veining typically contains 1-150µm large inclusions of native bismuth, bismite and bismuthinite. Gold occurs in “invisible” form in the arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals of Deh Hosein. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA in the ore ranged from 0.05 to 13.3 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 10%, 6.7%, 2420ppm, and 1800ppm, respectively. At Astaneh, gold mineralization is confined to the NW-SE trending Astaneh intrusion that is composed mainly of biotite granite (98.9 ± 1.0 Ma; Masoudi 1997), which is locally accompanied by granodiorite, tourmaline granite and quartz diorite. The northeastern part of the Astaneh intrusion has been cut by the Shirmazd granodiorite. This stock is about 400 m in diameter and Eocene in age (Rb/Sr and single zircon evaporation methods, this study). The Shirmazd granodiorite has been cut by NE-trending microgranodiorite dykes. Gold mineralization occurs mainly as NE-trending quartz- and quartz-sulfide veins and veinlets, as well as in disseminations in the Shirmazd stock and the intersecting microgranodiorite dykes, and in some nearby, smaller, altered granitic stocks. Alteration minerals include sericite, chlorite, quartz, calcite and in some cases kaolinite. At Astaneh chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite are the major sulfide minerals, of which the latter contains 1-50 µm sized inclusions of native bismuth and bismite. Gold occurs in both visible and invisible forms at Astaneh. Visible gold has been reported in the form of very fine grained particles (<15 µm) either in goethite produced from the oxidation of chalcopyrite or in sericitized plagioclase (Hashemi 2002), while invisible gold occurs in arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 9.5 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 1%, 0.05%, 100 ppm and 138ppm, respectively. The Nezam Abad mineralization is hosted by a Lower-Mid Eocene quartz diorite unit. This rock unit has been cut by several aplitic and quartz or quartz-tourmaline veins; the latter host the mineralization. The faults of the area are NW-, NE- and N-trending. Associated alteration minerals include quartz, chlorite, sericite, and tourmaline. At Nezam Abad, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and scheelite are the most abundant ore minerals. Gold occurs as “invisible” form predominantly in arsenopyrite with bismuth inclusions at Nezam Abad. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 36.2 ppm while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to %10, %0.87, %3.37 and 548ppm, respectively (Farhadian 1999). In all three occurrences, gold shows positive correlations with arsenic, bismuth, selenium, silver, tellurium and antimony. Microprobe investigations revealed that the arsenopyrites from Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad contain 32.3 to 34.3, 30.7 to 31.4, and 33.6 to 35.6 atomic percent of arsenic. Average compositions lead to the conclusion that the mineralization formed at temperatures of 460°C, 410° to 380°C and 565° to 510 °C, respectively. Oxygen isotope ratios for gold-bearing quartz veins in the area range from 13.6 to 19.2‰ for Deh Hosein, from 11.5 to 13.7‰ for Astaneh and from 11.6 to 15‰ (V-SMOW) for Nezam Abad. The oxygen isotope data suggest a metamorphic or a mixed magmatic-metamorphic source for the quartz veins. Measured sulfur isotope values for pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and arsenopyrite in quartz veins of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad range from -5.6 to 0‰, -0.5 to 1.8‰ and 1.2 to 4‰ (CDT), respectively. The sulfur-isotope values of all these occurrences are compatible with a magmatic sulfur source. Pb isotope ratios from the sulfide and host rock samples of the prospects indicate a good agreement between the lead ratios of the ore of Deh Hosein and the hosting meta-sandstone, the ore of Astaneh and the Shirmazd Stock and the ore of Nezam Abad and the hosting quartz diorite. The Pb isotope signatures of the ore from the three occurrences show also rather close ratios. According to the plumbotectonics model of Zartman and Doe (1981) the lead in the ores has a lower crustal Pb component. The studied occurrences share several similarities in terms of their mineralogy, geochemistry, formation temperatures, isotope ratios, alteration and occurrence of gold. They also indicate many similar features with the “intrusion-related gold systems” that have been described from Alaska, the Yukon and other parts of the world (e.g., Lang et al. 1997, 2000; McCoy et al. 1997; Thompson et al. 1999). According to the present data, it appears that a fertile magmatic source (probably of lower crustal origin) has affected the already present metamorphic rocks of the area (by remobilizing some of their elements) and caused a rather intensive gold mineralization in the area during the Pyrenean Orogeny. The extensive ancient mining relics at Deh Hosein, the simultaneous occurrence of tin and copper in it, together with frequent archaeological and ancient textual references which refer to the Iranian plateau as supplier of the raw material for the ancient Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran (Susa and Luristan) encouraged me to examine the possible relationship between the ore of this ancient mine and the ancient bronze artifacts. For this purpose, several bronze artifacts of typical Luristan style which date most probably to the Iranian Iron Age (from about 1300-1250 to 650 BCE) were investigated. The results were compared to the analyses of the Deh Hosein ore and other bronze artifacts previously published. Examination of 29 bronze artifacts from Luristan by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed that the Luristan bronzes show variable concentrations of As, Pb, Zn and Fe in addition to high concentrations of tin (0.48-15.4%). The ore composition of Deh Hosein is matched by several bronze artifacts from Luristan analyzed in this study as well as in previous investigations (Fleming et al. 2005). Even more noteworthy is the observation that the lead isotope ratios of the ore samples from Deh Hosein are in very good agreement with 25 samples of metal artifacts from Luristan and other bronze artifacts dated to the third millennium BCE from the southern Persian Gulf (Weeks 1999), the Aegean (Begemann et al. 1992), as well as from third millennium BCE sites in Luristan and Mesopotamia (Begemann & Schmitt-Strecker in preparation). At Deh Hosein, which is located at the western rim of the Luristan area and is close to ancient civilization centers of Susa and Mesopotamia, the ancient workings appear as numerous big ellipsoidal open depressions in two rows along the mineralized horizons. The old workings are up to 70 by 50m in size and up to 15m deep and are aligned over some 500m. Several hammer stones of silicified phyllite and granite, pottery shards and grinding stones have been found in the open-cast mines and adjacent ancient settlements. The pottery shards can be dated to the early first millennium BCE. Pieces of charcoal found in one of the diggings yielded a radiocarbon date of 3380 ± 55, which on calibration (2 sigma) results in an age range of 1775-1522 BCE. Several indications attest that Deh Hosein has been a major supplier of tin for ancient civilizations of Iran and Mesopotamia and perhaps even further west beginning in the third millennium BCE. In summary: i) The lead isotope compatibility of ores from Deh Hosein with many bronze artifacts from Bronze and Iron Age sites distributed from the southern Persian Gulf to the Aegean is good. ii) This is combined with a good match for trace element patterns of ores and artifacts. iii) Copper and tin occur within one mineralization. iv) Ancient textual references mention tin and bronze supply from regions east of Mesopotamia. v) The dating of surface finds of pottery and charcoal finally supports these findings. At present Deh Hosein is the only known copper-tin occurrence close to Luristan and Mesopotamia. The northern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone which is characterized by intrusion of several intrusive bodies in metamorphic terranes favors the occurrence of similar deposits as in the Astaneh-Sarband area. Thus, the prospects are good for further exploration in the region which may also reveal some other ancient mines.
},
keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
The present study deals with two primary aims; (1) geological, mineralogical, and geochemical investigations of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh, and Nezam Abad mineralizations in the Astaneh-Sarband area, west central Iran, with the aim to understand the characteristics of the occurrences and their conditions of formation, and (2) geochemical investigations on ancient bronze artifacts from Iran and Western Asia in order to compare their characteristics with the high-tin copper ore of Deh Hosein and examine their possible relationship. The Astaneh-Sarband area is located in the northern part of the NW-SE aligned Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt and consists mainly of Mesozoic schists, Middle Jurassic to Middle Tertiary intrusive rocks and related contact metamorphic aureoles, and pegmatites. Regional metamorphism in the area has reached a peak of greenschist facies, but further metamorphism has occurred locally, associated with granitoid emplacement. Magmatism has produced large felsic to intermediate intrusive bodies along a general northwest trend. The main trend of the faults, fractures and other structural features of the area is NW-SE. The Deh Hosein prospect is mainly hosted by Jurassic meta-sedimentary rocks, which have been intruded by the Astaneh complex. Mineralization continues into the southern part of the Astaneh intrusion. The meta-sedimentary rocks consist of alternating meta-sandstone, phyllite, schist, spotted slate and hornfels. The main faults and other structural features, with NW and NE trends, have controlled the mineralization, which occurs in the form of quartz, quartz-sulfide and quartz-gossan veins and veinlets, partly sheeted in structure. These veins are up to 1.5 m wide and several to tens of meters long. Mineralization also occurs as disseminations and impregnations, especially in the vein selvages. Adjacent to and within zones of intense quartz veining, the predominant alteration assemblage is quartz + sericite + tourmaline + monazite. Some 35 metalliferous minerals have been detected at Deh Hosein. Arsenopyrite is the dominant sulfide mineral, with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite > pyrite > pyrrhotite. Cassiterite and ferberite are the rather abundant oxide minerals. The sulfide content in the ore is generally less than two volume percent. Arsenopyrite associated with early alteration and veining typically contains 1-150µm large inclusions of native bismuth, bismite and bismuthinite. Gold occurs in “invisible” form in the arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals of Deh Hosein. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA in the ore ranged from 0.05 to 13.3 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 10%, 6.7%, 2420ppm, and 1800ppm, respectively. At Astaneh, gold mineralization is confined to the NW-SE trending Astaneh intrusion that is composed mainly of biotite granite (98.9 ± 1.0 Ma; Masoudi 1997), which is locally accompanied by granodiorite, tourmaline granite and quartz diorite. The northeastern part of the Astaneh intrusion has been cut by the Shirmazd granodiorite. This stock is about 400 m in diameter and Eocene in age (Rb/Sr and single zircon evaporation methods, this study). The Shirmazd granodiorite has been cut by NE-trending microgranodiorite dykes. Gold mineralization occurs mainly as NE-trending quartz- and quartz-sulfide veins and veinlets, as well as in disseminations in the Shirmazd stock and the intersecting microgranodiorite dykes, and in some nearby, smaller, altered granitic stocks. Alteration minerals include sericite, chlorite, quartz, calcite and in some cases kaolinite. At Astaneh chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite are the major sulfide minerals, of which the latter contains 1-50 µm sized inclusions of native bismuth and bismite. Gold occurs in both visible and invisible forms at Astaneh. Visible gold has been reported in the form of very fine grained particles (<15 µm) either in goethite produced from the oxidation of chalcopyrite or in sericitized plagioclase (Hashemi 2002), while invisible gold occurs in arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 9.5 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 1%, 0.05%, 100 ppm and 138ppm, respectively. The Nezam Abad mineralization is hosted by a Lower-Mid Eocene quartz diorite unit. This rock unit has been cut by several aplitic and quartz or quartz-tourmaline veins; the latter host the mineralization. The faults of the area are NW-, NE- and N-trending. Associated alteration minerals include quartz, chlorite, sericite, and tourmaline. At Nezam Abad, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and scheelite are the most abundant ore minerals. Gold occurs as “invisible” form predominantly in arsenopyrite with bismuth inclusions at Nezam Abad. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 36.2 ppm while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to %10, %0.87, %3.37 and 548ppm, respectively (Farhadian 1999). In all three occurrences, gold shows positive correlations with arsenic, bismuth, selenium, silver, tellurium and antimony. Microprobe investigations revealed that the arsenopyrites from Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad contain 32.3 to 34.3, 30.7 to 31.4, and 33.6 to 35.6 atomic percent of arsenic. Average compositions lead to the conclusion that the mineralization formed at temperatures of 460°C, 410° to 380°C and 565° to 510 °C, respectively. Oxygen isotope ratios for gold-bearing quartz veins in the area range from 13.6 to 19.2‰ for Deh Hosein, from 11.5 to 13.7‰ for Astaneh and from 11.6 to 15‰ (V-SMOW) for Nezam Abad. The oxygen isotope data suggest a metamorphic or a mixed magmatic-metamorphic source for the quartz veins. Measured sulfur isotope values for pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and arsenopyrite in quartz veins of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad range from -5.6 to 0‰, -0.5 to 1.8‰ and 1.2 to 4‰ (CDT), respectively. The sulfur-isotope values of all these occurrences are compatible with a magmatic sulfur source. Pb isotope ratios from the sulfide and host rock samples of the prospects indicate a good agreement between the lead ratios of the ore of Deh Hosein and the hosting meta-sandstone, the ore of Astaneh and the Shirmazd Stock and the ore of Nezam Abad and the hosting quartz diorite. The Pb isotope signatures of the ore from the three occurrences show also rather close ratios. According to the plumbotectonics model of Zartman and Doe (1981) the lead in the ores has a lower crustal Pb component. The studied occurrences share several similarities in terms of their mineralogy, geochemistry, formation temperatures, isotope ratios, alteration and occurrence of gold. They also indicate many similar features with the “intrusion-related gold systems” that have been described from Alaska, the Yukon and other parts of the world (e.g., Lang et al. 1997, 2000; McCoy et al. 1997; Thompson et al. 1999). According to the present data, it appears that a fertile magmatic source (probably of lower crustal origin) has affected the already present metamorphic rocks of the area (by remobilizing some of their elements) and caused a rather intensive gold mineralization in the area during the Pyrenean Orogeny. The extensive ancient mining relics at Deh Hosein, the simultaneous occurrence of tin and copper in it, together with frequent archaeological and ancient textual references which refer to the Iranian plateau as supplier of the raw material for the ancient Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran (Susa and Luristan) encouraged me to examine the possible relationship between the ore of this ancient mine and the ancient bronze artifacts. For this purpose, several bronze artifacts of typical Luristan style which date most probably to the Iranian Iron Age (from about 1300-1250 to 650 BCE) were investigated. The results were compared to the analyses of the Deh Hosein ore and other bronze artifacts previously published. Examination of 29 bronze artifacts from Luristan by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed that the Luristan bronzes show variable concentrations of As, Pb, Zn and Fe in addition to high concentrations of tin (0.48-15.4%). The ore composition of Deh Hosein is matched by several bronze artifacts from Luristan analyzed in this study as well as in previous investigations (Fleming et al. 2005). Even more noteworthy is the observation that the lead isotope ratios of the ore samples from Deh Hosein are in very good agreement with 25 samples of metal artifacts from Luristan and other bronze artifacts dated to the third millennium BCE from the southern Persian Gulf (Weeks 1999), the Aegean (Begemann et al. 1992), as well as from third millennium BCE sites in Luristan and Mesopotamia (Begemann & Schmitt-Strecker in preparation). At Deh Hosein, which is located at the western rim of the Luristan area and is close to ancient civilization centers of Susa and Mesopotamia, the ancient workings appear as numerous big ellipsoidal open depressions in two rows along the mineralized horizons. The old workings are up to 70 by 50m in size and up to 15m deep and are aligned over some 500m. Several hammer stones of silicified phyllite and granite, pottery shards and grinding stones have been found in the open-cast mines and adjacent ancient settlements. The pottery shards can be dated to the early first millennium BCE. Pieces of charcoal found in one of the diggings yielded a radiocarbon date of 3380 ± 55, which on calibration (2 sigma) results in an age range of 1775-1522 BCE. Several indications attest that Deh Hosein has been a major supplier of tin for ancient civilizations of Iran and Mesopotamia and perhaps even further west beginning in the third millennium BCE. In summary: i) The lead isotope compatibility of ores from Deh Hosein with many bronze artifacts from Bronze and Iron Age sites distributed from the southern Persian Gulf to the Aegean is good. ii) This is combined with a good match for trace element patterns of ores and artifacts. iii) Copper and tin occur within one mineralization. iv) Ancient textual references mention tin and bronze supply from regions east of Mesopotamia. v) The dating of surface finds of pottery and charcoal finally supports these findings. At present Deh Hosein is the only known copper-tin occurrence close to Luristan and Mesopotamia. The northern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone which is characterized by intrusion of several intrusive bodies in metamorphic terranes favors the occurrence of similar deposits as in the Astaneh-Sarband area. Thus, the prospects are good for further exploration in the region which may also reveal some other ancient mines.
|
2005
|
| Helwing, Barbara: Early complexity in highland Iran: recent archaeological research into the chalcolithic of Iran. In: Turkish Academy of Sciences Journal of Archaeology, iss. 8, pp. 39-60, 2005. @article{nokey,
title = {Early complexity in highland Iran: recent archaeological research into the chalcolithic of Iran},
author = {Barbara Helwing},
url = {https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tubaar/issue/61831/925384},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-00-00},
journal = {Turkish Academy of Sciences Journal of Archaeology},
issue = {8},
pages = {39-60},
publisher = {Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi},
keywords = {Chalcolithic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
| Nezafati, Nima; Pernicka, Ernst: The Smelters of Sialk, outcomes of the first stage of archaeometallurgical researches at Tappeh Sialk. In: Shahmirzadi, Sadegh Malek (Ed.): The Fishermen of Sialk Archaeological Report Monograph Series
, pp. 79-102, Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, 2005. @inbook{nokey,
title = {The Smelters of Sialk, outcomes of the first stage of archaeometallurgical researches at Tappeh Sialk},
author = {Nima Nezafati and Ernst Pernicka
},
editor = {Sadegh Malek Shahmirzadi
},
doi = {10.13140/RG.2.1.1895.0482},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-00-00},
booktitle = {The Fishermen of Sialk Archaeological Report Monograph Series
},
issue = {7},
pages = {79-102},
publisher = {Iranian Center for Archaeological Research},
keywords = {Archaeometallurgy},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
|
| Artioli, D.; Giardino, C.; Guida, G.; Lazzari, A.; Vidale, Massimo: On the Exploitation of Copper ores at Shar-i Sokhta (Sistan, Iran) in the 3nd Millennium BC. In: Vogt, Ute Franke; Weisshaar, Hans-Joachim (Ed.): South Asian Archaeology 2003 Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists 7-11 July 2003 Bonn
, pp. 179-184, Linden Soft, Aachen, 2005, ISBN: 9783929290318. @inbook{nokey,
title = {On the Exploitation of Copper ores at Shar-i Sokhta (Sistan, Iran) in the 3nd Millennium BC},
author = {D. Artioli and C. Giardino and G. Guida and A. Lazzari and Massimo Vidale
},
editor = {Ute Franke Vogt and Hans-Joachim Weisshaar
},
isbn = {9783929290318},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-00-00},
urldate = {2005-00-00},
booktitle = {South Asian Archaeology 2003 Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists 7-11 July 2003 Bonn
},
pages = {179-184},
publisher = {Linden Soft},
address = {Aachen},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
|
| Nezafati, Nima; Herzig, P. M.; Pernicka, Ernst; Momenzadeh, Morteza: Intrusion-related gold occurrences in the Astaneh-Sarband area, west central Iran. In: Mao, J.; Bierlein, F. P. (Ed.): Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge
, pp. 445-448, Springer, 2005. @inbook{nokey,
title = {Intrusion-related gold occurrences in the Astaneh-Sarband area, west central Iran},
author = {Nima Nezafati and P. M. Herzig and Ernst Pernicka and Morteza Momenzadeh},
editor = {J. Mao and F. P. Bierlein
},
doi = {10.1007/3-540-27946-6_116},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-00-00},
booktitle = {Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge
},
pages = {445-448},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {The Astaneh-Sarband area is located in the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt in west central Iran. The area hosts five intrusion-related tungsten and/or gold systems, including the Deh Hosein and Astaneh, gold occurrences and Nezam Abad tungsten-gold occurrence. The Astaneh-Sarband area contains Mesozoic schist, Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary intrusive rocks and related contact metamorphic aureoles, and pegmatites. The Astaneh and Nezam Abad systems are hosted in granitic to grnaodioritic intrusive rocks of Early to Late Eocene age. At Deh Hosein, mineralization occurs, mainly in Jurassic-Triassic meta-sedimentary rocks which have undergone greenschist facies metamorphism and intrusion by the Astaneh granite-granodiorite complex. Gold occurs in quartz and quartz-sulfide veins and veinlets, and as disseminations. Major ore minerals are arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, marcasite, bismite, native gold, and rare stannite. Adjacent to and within zones of intense quartz veining the predominant alteration assemblage is quartz + sericite + tourmaline + chlorite. The sulfide mineral content in the veins is generally less than 3 vol.%. The gold contents of samples from Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad range up to 9.5, 13.3, and 36.2 ppm respectively. Gold contents correlate moderately well with As, Bi, and Se. Arsenopyrite geothermometry, yields deposition temperatures of 580° to 380°C for these occurrences. Stable-isotope data include ´18O values of 11.5 to 19.2 (quartz), and δ34S values of −5.6 to 4 (galena, pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite). The sulfur data are compatible with a magmatic fluid source. Lead isotope results are consistent with a lower crustal source for the ores at Deh Hosein. KeywordsIntrusion-related gold–Deh Hosein–Iran
},
keywords = {Gold, Mining},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
The Astaneh-Sarband area is located in the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt in west central Iran. The area hosts five intrusion-related tungsten and/or gold systems, including the Deh Hosein and Astaneh, gold occurrences and Nezam Abad tungsten-gold occurrence. The Astaneh-Sarband area contains Mesozoic schist, Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary intrusive rocks and related contact metamorphic aureoles, and pegmatites. The Astaneh and Nezam Abad systems are hosted in granitic to grnaodioritic intrusive rocks of Early to Late Eocene age. At Deh Hosein, mineralization occurs, mainly in Jurassic-Triassic meta-sedimentary rocks which have undergone greenschist facies metamorphism and intrusion by the Astaneh granite-granodiorite complex. Gold occurs in quartz and quartz-sulfide veins and veinlets, and as disseminations. Major ore minerals are arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, marcasite, bismite, native gold, and rare stannite. Adjacent to and within zones of intense quartz veining the predominant alteration assemblage is quartz + sericite + tourmaline + chlorite. The sulfide mineral content in the veins is generally less than 3 vol.%. The gold contents of samples from Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad range up to 9.5, 13.3, and 36.2 ppm respectively. Gold contents correlate moderately well with As, Bi, and Se. Arsenopyrite geothermometry, yields deposition temperatures of 580° to 380°C for these occurrences. Stable-isotope data include ´18O values of 11.5 to 19.2 (quartz), and δ34S values of −5.6 to 4 (galena, pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite). The sulfur data are compatible with a magmatic fluid source. Lead isotope results are consistent with a lower crustal source for the ores at Deh Hosein. KeywordsIntrusion-related gold–Deh Hosein–Iran
|
2004
|
| Pfrommer, Michael: Persischer Luxus für thrakische Fürsten. In: Antike Welt, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 54-56, 2004. @article{nokey,
title = {Persischer Luxus für thrakische Fürsten},
author = {Michael Pfrommer},
url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/44465949},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
urldate = {2023-09-04},
journal = {Antike Welt},
volume = {35},
number = {2},
pages = {54-56},
publisher = {Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
| Kapmeyer, Hannelore: Zur Herstellung urartaischer Palastkeramik. In: Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, iss. 35-36, pp. 313-333, 2004. @article{nokey,
title = {Zur Herstellung urartaischer Palastkeramik},
author = {Hannelore Kapmeyer
},
url = {http://www.biainili-urartu.de/Iran/Bastam/2004%20Kapmeyer%20Herstellung%20urart%20Palastkeramik.pdf
},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan},
issue = {35-36},
pages = {313-333},
publisher = {Reimer},
keywords = {Pottery},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
| Yule, Paul: Recension: Vasi iranici in metallo dell'Età del Bronzo. (= Prähistorische Bronzefunde, Abteilung II, 17) by Gloria M. Bellelli. In: Archiv für Orientforschung, vol. 50, pp. 471-472, 2004. @article{nokey,
title = {Recension: Vasi iranici in metallo dell'Età del Bronzo. (= Prähistorische Bronzefunde, Abteilung II, 17) by Gloria M. Bellelli},
author = {Paul Yule
},
url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/41668672
},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
urldate = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Archiv für Orientforschung},
volume = {50},
pages = {471-472},
publisher = {Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
| Ladurner, Ulrich: Mullahs und Metallurgen. 2004. @misc{nokey,
title = {Mullahs und Metallurgen},
author = {Ulrich Ladurner
},
url = {https://www.zeit.de/2004/08/A-Iran?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2F
},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Die Zeit},
number = {8},
pages = {31},
publisher = {Zeitverlag Gerd Bucerius GmbH & Co. KG},
keywords = {Archaeometallurgy},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
|
| Covington, Richard: What was Jiroft. In: Saudi Aramco World, iss. 55, no. 5, pp. 2-11, 2004. @article{nokey,
title = {What was Jiroft},
author = {Richard Covington
},
url = {https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200405/what.was.jiroft.htm},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-00-00},
journal = {Saudi Aramco World},
number = {5},
issue = {55},
pages = {2-11},
publisher = {Aramco Americas},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2003
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| Hauptmann, Andreas; Rehren, Thilo; Schmitt-Strecker, Sigrid: Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy at Shahr-i Sokhta, reconsidered. In: Man and Mining - Mensch und Bergbau. Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber. Der Anschnitt, vol. Beih. 16, pp. 197-213, 2003. @article{nokey,
title = {Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy at Shahr-i Sokhta, reconsidered},
author = {Andreas Hauptmann and Thilo Rehren and Sigrid Schmitt-Strecker
},
url = {https://www.academia.edu/4260702/Early_Bronze_Age_copper_metallurgy_at_Shahr_i_Sokhta_Iran_reconsidered_Hauptmann_et_al_2003_FS_Weisgerber_
},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-00-00},
journal = {Man and Mining - Mensch und Bergbau. Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber. Der Anschnitt},
volume = {Beih. 16},
pages = {197-213},
publisher = {Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum},
abstract = {Between 2700 and 2500 BC, mixed sulphidic and oxidic copper ores were brought to the urban site of Shahr-i Sokhta in eastern Iran to be smelted in crucibles. The main ore component to be extracted was copper oxide with remnants of copper sulphide, following the co-smelting process. No deliberate attempt was made to roast the copper sulphide in order to exploit its copper content. After the smelt, the entire charge, comprising metal, matte and slag, was poured or tapped from the crucibles into a separate receptacle, where the metal / matte melt separated underneath the slag. The separation of copper metal was improved by its interaction with low-melting copper sulphides. Detailed analyses of texture and phase content of the slag provide information on the cooling process and the origin of various inclusions. The role of iron arsenide (speiss) from the site is discussed in the context of early arsenical copper. Lead isotope ratios of archaeometallurgical finds offer proof of a common, though probably complex origin of ores, slag, matte and copper, and indicate a possible provenance of ores from the Iranian Malik-i Siah Mountains west of Shar-i Sokhta. Teh scale or production indicates a domestic type of industry, while the technology being used appears more developed than that used throughout the Middle East, and can be seen as the beginnings of full slagging operations.},
keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Between 2700 and 2500 BC, mixed sulphidic and oxidic copper ores were brought to the urban site of Shahr-i Sokhta in eastern Iran to be smelted in crucibles. The main ore component to be extracted was copper oxide with remnants of copper sulphide, following the co-smelting process. No deliberate attempt was made to roast the copper sulphide in order to exploit its copper content. After the smelt, the entire charge, comprising metal, matte and slag, was poured or tapped from the crucibles into a separate receptacle, where the metal / matte melt separated underneath the slag. The separation of copper metal was improved by its interaction with low-melting copper sulphides. Detailed analyses of texture and phase content of the slag provide information on the cooling process and the origin of various inclusions. The role of iron arsenide (speiss) from the site is discussed in the context of early arsenical copper. Lead isotope ratios of archaeometallurgical finds offer proof of a common, though probably complex origin of ores, slag, matte and copper, and indicate a possible provenance of ores from the Iranian Malik-i Siah Mountains west of Shar-i Sokhta. Teh scale or production indicates a domestic type of industry, while the technology being used appears more developed than that used throughout the Middle East, and can be seen as the beginnings of full slagging operations. |
| Pigott, Vincent Charles; Lechtman, Heather: Chalcolithic copper-base metallurgy on the Iranian plateau: a new look at old evidence from Tal-i lblis. In: Potts, Timothy; Roaf, Michael; Stein, Diana (Ed.): Culture through Objects. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of P.R.S. Moorey
, pp. 291-312, Peeters, 2003, ISBN: 9780900416798. @inbook{nokey,
title = {Chalcolithic copper-base metallurgy on the Iranian plateau: a new look at old evidence from Tal-i lblis},
author = {Vincent Charles Pigott and Heather Lechtman
},
editor = {Timothy Potts and Michael Roaf and Diana Stein
},
url = {https://www.peeters-leuven.be/detail.php?search_key=9780900416798&series_number_str=0&lang=en},
isbn = {9780900416798},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-00-00},
booktitle = {Culture through Objects. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of P.R.S. Moorey
},
pages = {291-312},
publisher = {Peeters},
keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
|
2002
|
| Frye, Richard N.: Unfinished projects in ancient Iranian studies. In: Iranica Antiqua, vol. 37, pp. 105-112, 2002. @article{nokey,
title = {Unfinished projects in ancient Iranian studies},
author = {Richard N. Frye
},
url = {https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=issue&journal_code=IA&issue=0&vol=37},
doi = {10.2143/IA.37.0.119},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
urldate = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Iranica Antiqua},
volume = {37},
pages = {105-112},
publisher = {Peeters},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
| Hiebert, Fredrik T.; Dyson, Robert H. Jr.: Prehistoric Nishapur and the frontier between Central Asia and Iran. In: Iranica Antiqua, vol. 37, pp. 113-149, 2002. @article{nokey,
title = {Prehistoric Nishapur and the frontier between Central Asia and Iran},
author = {Fredrik T. Hiebert and Robert H. Jr. Dyson
},
url = {https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=issue&journal_code=IA&issue=0&vol=37},
doi = {10.2143/IA.37.0.120},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Iranica Antiqua},
volume = {37},
pages = {113-149},
publisher = {Peeters},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
| Potts, Daniel T.: Total prestation in Marhashi-Ur relations. In: Iranica Antiqua, vol. 37, pp. 343-357, 2002. @article{nokey,
title = {Total prestation in Marhashi-Ur relations},
author = {Daniel T. Potts
},
url = {https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=issue&journal_code=IA&issue=0&vol=37},
doi = {10.2143/IA.37.0.128},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
urldate = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Iranica Antiqua},
volume = {37},
pages = {343-357},
publisher = {Peeters},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
| Rastadt, E.; Miralipour, A. Monazami; Momenzadeh, M.: Sheikh-Ali Copper Deposit, a Cypurs-Type VMS Deposit Southeast Iran (Manuskript). In: Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, vol. 13, iss. 1, no. 1, pp. 51-63, 2002, ISSN: 1016-1104. @article{nokey,
title = {Sheikh-Ali Copper Deposit, a Cypurs-Type VMS Deposit Southeast Iran (Manuskript)},
author = {E. Rastadt and A. Monazami Miralipour and M. Momenzadeh
},
url = {https://journal.ut.ac.ir/article_31754_febc650b98d1e09e80d49b5f408c2e9f.pdf},
issn = {1016-1104},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-00-00},
urldate = {2002-00-00},
journal = {Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
issue = {1},
pages = {51-63},
publisher = {National Center For Scientific Research},
abstract = {Sheikh-Ali copper deposit is located 300 km southeast Kennan in southeastem part of the Zagros ophiolite belt. The country rocks are volcano-sedimentary sequence of Upper Cretaceous in age. The rock units consist of pillow basalt lava, diabase, pelagic limestone, radiolarian chert and calcareous sandstone. These units locally have an eastwest trend and are emplaced between serpentinites and ultrabasics through a fault contact. The ore-bearing exhalative silicic horizon was deposited stratiformly at the contact between pillow lavas and pelagic limestones. Chloritic and propylitic alterations can be seen in the surrounding rocks. The geometry of ore is lenticular and the lenses are conformable with the pelagic limestones, as well as pillow basalt lavas. The mineral paragenesis includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, specularite, chert and calcite. The ore textures are massive, laminar, colloform, disseminated and rarely veinlets. Geochemical studies show excellent correlation between Cu and Zn in different part of the ore body. Furthermore, the REE pattems are similar in both the pillow basalts and the ore body. Geological, lithological, ore paragenesis and geochemical studies suggest that the deposit can be introduced as a Cyprus-type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, resulted from exhalatives and submarine volcanic fumarols, synchroneous with the formation of country rocks.
},
keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sheikh-Ali copper deposit is located 300 km southeast Kennan in southeastem part of the Zagros ophiolite belt. The country rocks are volcano-sedimentary sequence of Upper Cretaceous in age. The rock units consist of pillow basalt lava, diabase, pelagic limestone, radiolarian chert and calcareous sandstone. These units locally have an eastwest trend and are emplaced between serpentinites and ultrabasics through a fault contact. The ore-bearing exhalative silicic horizon was deposited stratiformly at the contact between pillow lavas and pelagic limestones. Chloritic and propylitic alterations can be seen in the surrounding rocks. The geometry of ore is lenticular and the lenses are conformable with the pelagic limestones, as well as pillow basalt lavas. The mineral paragenesis includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, specularite, chert and calcite. The ore textures are massive, laminar, colloform, disseminated and rarely veinlets. Geochemical studies show excellent correlation between Cu and Zn in different part of the ore body. Furthermore, the REE pattems are similar in both the pillow basalts and the ore body. Geological, lithological, ore paragenesis and geochemical studies suggest that the deposit can be introduced as a Cyprus-type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, resulted from exhalatives and submarine volcanic fumarols, synchroneous with the formation of country rocks.
|
| Emberling, Geoff; Robb, John; Speth, John O.; Wright, Henry T.: Kunji Cave: early bronze age burials in Luristan. In: lranica Antiqua, vol. 37, pp. 47-104, 2002. @article{nokey,
title = {Kunji Cave: early bronze age burials in Luristan},
author = {Geoff Emberling and John Robb and John O. Speth and Henry T. Wright
},
url = {https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=118&journal_code=IA&download=yes
},
doi = {10.2143/IA.37.0.118},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-00-00},
journal = {lranica Antiqua},
volume = {37},
pages = {47-104},
publisher = {Peeters},
keywords = {Bronze Age},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
| Momenzadeh, Morteza: Mining Archaeology in iran I: An ancient gold mining site of Zartorosht (SW-Jiroft, SE-Iran). In: Metalla, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 47-53, 2002. @article{nokey,
title = {Mining Archaeology in iran I: An ancient gold mining site of Zartorosht (SW-Jiroft, SE-Iran)},
author = {Morteza Momenzadeh
},
url = {https://www.academia.edu/6119775/Mining_archaeology_in_Iran_I_An_ancient_gold_mining_site_of_Zartorosht_SE_Iran},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-00-00},
journal = {Metalla},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {47-53},
keywords = {Gold, Mining},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2001
|
| Zick, Michael: Ruhrpott im alten Persien. In: Bild der Wissenschaft, no. 1, pp. 78-81, 2001. @article{nokey,
title = {Ruhrpott im alten Persien},
author = {Michael Zick
},
url = {https://www.wissenschaft.de/allgemein/ruhrpott-im-alten-persien/
},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
urldate = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Bild der Wissenschaft},
number = {1},
pages = {78-81},
publisher = {Konradin Verlag},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
| und Daniel Steiniger, Raimar W. Kory: Gedanken zur Sasanidischen Binnen- und Hochseeschiffahrt. In: Dobiat, Claus; Leidorf, Klaus (Ed.): Studien in memoriam Wilhelm Schüle
, pp. 253-280, Leidorf, 2001. @inbook{nokey,
title = {Gedanken zur Sasanidischen Binnen- und Hochseeschiffahrt},
author = {Raimar W. Kory und Daniel Steiniger
},
editor = {Claus Dobiat and Klaus Leidorf
},
url = {https://www.academia.edu/2575712/Gedanken_zur_sasanidischen_Binnen_und_Hochseeschifffahrt_unter_besonderer_Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung_des_maritimen_Nah_und_Fernhandels_R_W_Kory_and_D_Steiniger_2001_},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-00-00},
booktitle = {Studien in memoriam Wilhelm Schüle
},
pages = {253-280},
publisher = {Leidorf},
series = {Internationale Archäologie},
keywords = {Sasanian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
|
2000
|
| Stöllner, Thomas; Weisgerber, Gerd: Preliminary report on archaeometallurgical investigations around the prehistoric site of Arisman. In: Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, vol. 32, pp. 281-318, 2000. @article{nokey,
title = {Preliminary report on archaeometallurgical investigations around the prehistoric site of Arisman},
author = {Thomas Stöllner and Gerd Weisgerber},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321155006_Preliminary_report_on_archaeometallurgical_investigations_around_the_prehistoric_site_of_Arisman_near_Kashan_western_Central_Iran},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan},
volume = {32},
pages = {281-318},
publisher = {Reimer},
keywords = {Archaeometallurgy},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
| Wuttmann, Michel; Gonon, Thierry; Thiers, Christophe: The Qanats of 'Ayn-Manawfr (Kharga Oasis, Egypt). In: The First International Symposium on Qanat, Yazd, Iran May 8-11, 2000, pp. 162-169, HAL CCSD, 2000. @inbook{nokey,
title = {The Qanats of 'Ayn-Manawfr (Kharga Oasis, Egypt)},
author = {Michel Wuttmann and Thierry Gonon and Christophe Thiers
},
url = {https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02051616},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-00-00},
booktitle = {The First International Symposium on Qanat, Yazd, Iran May 8-11, 2000},
pages = {162-169},
publisher = {HAL CCSD},
abstract = {"The Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale (IFAO) has been studying since 1994 the site of Ayn Manawir. Human settlement is assessed on the site from the end of the Palaeolithic until the 3rd century AD. The Palaeolithic gatherers-hunters settled around artesian springs. By the end of the 3rd miJlennium BC, these springs dried up and men left the site. Starting during the 5th century BC (the first Persian occupation of Egypt), the digging of a network made of approximatively 20 Qanats, a technical innovation in that time in Egypt, allowed resettling. A mud-brick temple and houses in which dated documents were found, gardens and opcn fields scattered at the bottom of the slopes of the ·Ayn-Manäwir hill. The excavation and the detailed
study of one of these Qanats and of the connected irrigation systems gave us the keys for understanding the tunnel digging method, the water resources management, and the history of the attempts to maintain the supply of water as late as possible. In addition, the datas given by the demotic contracts and by the floral remains allow us to rebuild the ancient environment. The existence of the huge underground water table under the Egyplian Western Desert, the peculiar geomorphology of this part of its oases allowed and made necessary the digging of Qanats to secure human permanence in this arid region."},
keywords = {Qanat Systems, Water},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
"The Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale (IFAO) has been studying since 1994 the site of Ayn Manawir. Human settlement is assessed on the site from the end of the Palaeolithic until the 3rd century AD. The Palaeolithic gatherers-hunters settled around artesian springs. By the end of the 3rd miJlennium BC, these springs dried up and men left the site. Starting during the 5th century BC (the first Persian occupation of Egypt), the digging of a network made of approximatively 20 Qanats, a technical innovation in that time in Egypt, allowed resettling. A mud-brick temple and houses in which dated documents were found, gardens and opcn fields scattered at the bottom of the slopes of the ·Ayn-Manäwir hill. The excavation and the detailed
study of one of these Qanats and of the connected irrigation systems gave us the keys for understanding the tunnel digging method, the water resources management, and the history of the attempts to maintain the supply of water as late as possible. In addition, the datas given by the demotic contracts and by the floral remains allow us to rebuild the ancient environment. The existence of the huge underground water table under the Egyplian Western Desert, the peculiar geomorphology of this part of its oases allowed and made necessary the digging of Qanats to secure human permanence in this arid region." |
1999
|
| Collon, Dominique: Lapis Lazuli from the East: A stamp seal in the British Museum. In: Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia, iss. 5, no. 3, pp. 31-39, 1999. @article{nokey,
title = {Lapis Lazuli from the East: A stamp seal in the British Museum},
author = {Dominique Collon},
doi = {10.1163/157005799X00106},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
urldate = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia},
number = {3},
issue = {5},
pages = {31-39},
publisher = {Brill},
abstract = {The article deals with the interpretation of two images on the lapis lazuli stamp seal from the Western Asiatic Department of Antiquities in the British Museum. The author compares the images with scenes on Shahdad "standard", on bifacial disc from eastern Iran and on fragments of steatite vases from Louvre and the British Museum, and comes to the conclusion that the figure with a sidelock is a male personage, the other one is a female. Links with the art of south-eastern Iran put the stamp seal in the context of the Trans-Elamite culture, about 2550-2250 B.C.
},
keywords = {Minerals, Seals},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The article deals with the interpretation of two images on the lapis lazuli stamp seal from the Western Asiatic Department of Antiquities in the British Museum. The author compares the images with scenes on Shahdad "standard", on bifacial disc from eastern Iran and on fragments of steatite vases from Louvre and the British Museum, and comes to the conclusion that the figure with a sidelock is a male personage, the other one is a female. Links with the art of south-eastern Iran put the stamp seal in the context of the Trans-Elamite culture, about 2550-2250 B.C.
|
1998
|
| Hakemi, Ali; Sajjadi, S. M. S.: Shahdad: archaeological excavations of a bronze age center in Iran. In: American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 102, pp. 827-828, 1998. @article{nokey,
title = {Shahdad: archaeological excavations of a bronze age center in Iran},
author = {Ali Hakemi and S. M. S. Sajjadi},
doi = {10.2307/506108},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-10-01},
urldate = {1998-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Archaeology},
volume = {102},
pages = {827-828},
publisher = {Archaeological Institute of America },
keywords = {Bronze Age},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
