Publications so far
0
| 1. |  | Maziar, Sepideh; Zalaghi, Ali; Aghalari, Bayram; Asgari, Sepideh; Sheikhi, Shiva; Mashkour, Marjan: Mortuary Practices, Rituality, and Commemorative Places: A View of Kohne Tepesi in the Southern Basin of the Araxes River, Iran. In: Journal of Field Archaeology, 2024. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX)@article{nokey,Ritual practices as behavior, and the cognitive acknowledgment of life and death, foster a depth in social identity, collective social memory, and a societal worldview. This paper outlines the evidence of Early Bronze Age burial practices in northwestern Iran to discuss the newly discovered chamber tombs at Kohne Tepesi within the broader context of mortuary practices during the middle and last part of the 3rd millennium b.c. The findings from Kohne Tepesi support the idea that, at least for parts of Kura-Araxes society, burial rites and commemoration of the dead played a crucial role in their worldview. Furthermore, this site demonstrates that the changes in symbolic practices and social behavior during the Early Kurgan period were not spontaneous but rooted in the last phases of the Kura-Araxes period and that the perceptions of earlier traditions had been conserved in long-term social memory. |
| 2. |  | Maziar, Sepideh: Evaluation of the Kura-Araxes migration: From a mono-factorial phantasm to a multi-dimensional phenomenon. In: Kosyan, Aram; Avetisyan, Pavel; Martirosyan-Olshansky, Kristine; Bobokhyan, Arsen; Grekyan, Yervand (Ed.): Paradise Lost. The Phenomenon of the Kura-Araxes Tradition along the Fertile Crescent Collection of papers honouring Ruben S. Badalyan on the occassion of his 65th birthday, Archaeopress, 2022. (Type: Book Chapter | Abstract | Links | BibTeX)@inbook{nokey,Many scholars concerned with the Kura-Araxes cultural tradition take many aspects of this complex phenomenon for granted. In most publications, the expansion of this tradition across a vast area is treated like the movement of people from point A to B, or in the best case, as the waves of movement between these points. In most of them, migration is considered a direct reaction of people to population growth, lack of pasture lands, environmental stresses, and the Kura-Araxes as environmental or conflict refugees that flee a threat. These perspectives in recent years terminated to some skeptics regarding considering the distribution of the Kura-Araxes material culture as a result of migration. On the other hand, turning to be once again a buzzword, ‘migration’ as an explanation, is considered anachronistic among some archaeologists. This article will reevaluate different scenarios related to the Kura-Araxes phenomenon to see where we stand and how we can overcome these shortcomings. It seems that the Kura-Araxes phenomenon at the current state of our understanding suffers different drawbacks at different levels. The migration scenario itself and the mechanism behind it are still vague, and the relationship between the core area and diaspora is rarely addressed. It is suggested that approaches such as ‘resilience theory’ and discussing the Kura- Araxes phenomenon and migration in the context of social resilience will be more promising for the topic at hand. |
| 3. |  | Kashani, Natascha Bagherpour: Depositional Practices at the Natural Sanctuary of Veshnaveh, Central Iran: Jewellery and Watery Caves. Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rahden/Westfalen, 2022. (Type: Book | Abstract | Links | BibTeX)@book{nokey,The mining archaeological excavations in Veshnaveh were among the first systematic of their kind in Iran. This is surprising, since the site itself had been known and described since the 1970s, but could not be investigated thoroughly until the early 2000s. The joint Iranian-German research in Veshnaveh was carried out as a part of the “Early Min- ing and Metallurgy in West-Central Iran” project, which had been continued until 2005. In this context, the mining area of Veshnaveh was comprehensively researched and, for the first time, underground excavations and surveys were carried out in the vicinity of the mining area. During our research of the mining evidence, it was the more surprising to discover ritual re-use of a Bronze Age copper mine. The excavations from 2001 onwards made it immediately clear that these deposits were not part of mining debris as one would have expected for mining activities. The findings suggested a different con- text and it was clear that this was a special rural sanc- tuary of pre- and early Zoroastrian cults. |
| 4. |  | Maziar, Sepideh: Geographical Proximity and Material Culture; The Interplay Between Syunik and the Southern Part of the Araxes River Basin in the 6th to the 3rd Millennium BC. In: Quaternary International, iss. 579, pp. 42-58, 2021. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX)@article{nokey,The region that is known today as Syunik in the south/southeastern part of Armenia is geographically a close neighbour of the southern part of the Araxes river basin in today Iran. Political upheavals and boundaries hindered fieldwork in these areas for many years. The archaeological project of the Araxes valley (APAV) is one of many other projects that launched in 2013 in this region and focused on the southern basin of the Araxes River. The results of the excavations of two sites, Kohne Pasgah Tepesi and Kohne Tepesi, and the intensive survey carried out in this area, enable us to shed more light on the settlement dynamics, material culture and economic/social networks of this area and its neighbours. The period from the 6th up to the middle part of the 4th millennium BC represents the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods in this region. The material culture of both periods shares many common characteristics with contemporary traditions at sites of the southern Caucasus. Later, in the last part of the 4th millennium BC, a cultural tradition that originated in the southern Caucasus, known as the Kura-Araxes cultural tradition, expanded over a vast area, including the southern part of the Araxes river basin. Based on the study of the pottery styles and obsidian flow, the patterns of interconnection between regions, communities, and sources, and commodity flows are examined. The role of the Araxes River and its tributaries in this interplay over the stated time span is the other inquiry of this article. Furthermore, I will investigate whether spatial propinquity had any impact on commodity flows and exchange, and if so, did this impact affected the material culture and technological practices or not. |
| 5. |  | Stöllner, Thomas; Aali, Abolfazl: Long-Term Salt Mining in Chehrābād: Resilient Strategies in Accessing Mineral Resources at the Iranian Highlands. In: Pearls, Politics and Pistachios: Essays in Anthropology and Memories on the Occasion of Susan Pollock’s 65th Birthday, pp. 352-369, Ex Oriente/Propylaeum, Berlin/Heidelberg, 2021. (Type: Book Chapter | Links | BibTeX)@inbook{nokey, |
| 6. |  | Stöllner, Thomas; Aali, Abolfazl; Kashani, Natascha Bagherpour (Ed.): Tod im Salz. Eine archäologische Ermittlung in Persien. Nünnerich-Asmus Verlag & Media GmbH, 2020, ISBN: 978-3-96176-141-8. (Type: Book | Abstract | Links | BibTeX)@book{nokey,Since the first discoveries in 1993 bodies or body-parts of eight humans have been discovered at the salt-mine of Douzlākh at Chehrābād. These bodies allow a reconstruction of their lives as workers during the different operation periods. By involving many different scientific fields, it became possible to investigate their palaeo-medical aspects, their diet and their health status as well the causes of their death and their involvement into different aspects of the mining operation and logistics of the mine. It is possible not only to reconstruct three different catastrophes during the Achaemenid, the early and the late Sasanian times but also to understand the social aspects of the working people. The Achaemenid miners certainly came from abroad but already stayed a while in the region, apart from the young miner no. 4 who seems to have arrived shortly before the catastrophe. This group of migrants possibly were sent within a “bandaka”, an Achaemenid labour duty. The Sassanian miners partly came from a “regional” background but also came shortly before their deaths. Saltman 1 is interesting as he is an older individual who possibly had a special role within the miners. Mining at Douzlakh was predominantly operated in periods of strong centralized political systems when governmental activities could be organized over longer distances. |
| 7. |  | Maziar, Sepideh; Zalaghi, Ali: Exploring Beyond the River and Inside the Valleys: Settlement Development and Cultural Landscape of the Araxes River Basin Through Time. In: Iran, iss. 59, pp. 36–56, 2020. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX)@article{nokey,Geographical landmarks, especially rivers, have always played an important role in forming or hampering interplay between societies. In some cases, they act as a “communication route” and in some others as “obstacles”. In north-western Iran, it is possible that the Araxes River played such a decisive role by sculpting its surroundings. While our studies are not yet sufficiently adequate to understand the exact role of this river in different time spans, we can begin in some way to conceptualise its role in different periods. The Araxes Valley Archaeological Project (AVAP) was developed with the general aim of investigating settlement development from the fifth to the third millennium BC. Furthermore, studying the possible and probable routes of interaction, both inter- and intra-regional, between the Jolfa and Khoda Afarin plains and the southern Caucasus and north-western Iran, networks of contacts and exchange, and gaining a better understanding of the geographical characteristics of this area and its landscape were among our aims. In this article, the general history of occupation along this river is given to provide a preliminary database to understand the geographical and socio-political potential of this part in order to pursue more comprehensive studies in the future. |
| 8. | Thornton, Christopher P.; Rehren, Thilo; Pigott, Vincent Charles: The production of speiss (iron arsenide) during the Early Bronze Age in Iran. In: Journal of Archaeological Science, iss. 36, no. 2, pp. 308-316, 2009. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX)@article{nokey,In this paper, analyses of some unusual slag samples from the prehistoric site of Tepe Hissar in northeastern Iran are presented. These slags are the remains of a five-thousand-year-old pyrotechnological process that produced speiss, a quasi-metallic material usually formed as an accidental by-product of copper or lead smelting. We argue that the "speiss slags" from Tepe Hissar suggest the intentional production of iron-arsenic alloy ("speiss") in prehistory. Why the Tepe Hissar metalworkers produced speiss is a question that requires further investigation, but our preliminary assessment suggests that it was to provide arsenic as an alloying component for arsenical copper, the preferred copper alloy during much of the Early Bronze Age in Iran, and widely used across the ancient world. This recognition significantly advances our understanding of the early stages of metallurgy in the Old World. | |
| 9. | Begemann, Friedrich; Haerinck, Ernie; Overlaet, B.; Schmitt-Strecker, Sigrid; Tallon, François: An Archaeo-Metallurgical Study of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Luristan, Iran. In: Iranica Antiqua, vol. 43, pp. 1-34, 2008. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX)@article{nokey,Copper-base artefacts from Bronze Age Luristan have been analysed for their chemical composition and the isotopic composition of their lead. We find no significant systematic differences between a group of objects recovered in the Pusht-i Kuh region in the course of controlled excavations during the Belgian Archaeological Mission in Iran (BAMI) and a second group of artefacts from the Louvre Museum which were acquired on the art market. According to these material features the objects from the art market are made of genuine "Luristan" metal which does not exclude the possibility that the artefacts are recent forgeries made of "old" metal. The data suggest a large fraction of the artefacts, copper and bronze, to derive from copper ores as they are available in the eastern part of the central Zagros Mountains from where also tin ores have been reported. Bronzes with high 206Pb-normalized abundance ratios, conspicuous in contemporary Mesopotamia, are missing in Luristan. We have no satisfactory explanation to offer why the manifold cultural and material connections between Mesopotamia and Luristan should have excluded the trade in bronzes with such exceptional lead isotopy. | |
| 10. | Emberling, Geoff; Robb, John; Speth, John O.; Wright, Henry T.: Kunji Cave: early bronze age burials in Luristan. In: lranica Antiqua, vol. 37, pp. 47-104, 2002. (Type: Journal Article | Links | BibTeX)@article{nokey, | |
| 11. | Hakemi, Ali; Sajjadi, S. M. S.: Shahdad: archaeological excavations of a bronze age center in Iran. In: American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 102, pp. 827-828, 1998. (Type: Journal Article | Links | BibTeX)@article{nokey, | |
| 12. | Hakemi, Ali: The Copper Smelting Furnaces of the Bronze Age in Shahdad. In: South Asian archaeology 1989 : papers from the Tenth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Musée National des Arts Asiatiques - Guimet, Paris, France, 3-7 July, 1989
, pp. 119-132, Prehistory Press, 1992. (Type: Book Chapter | BibTeX)@inbook{nokey, | |
| 13. |  | Tosi, Maurizio: The Development of Urban Societies in Turan and the Mesopotamien Trade with the East: The Evidence from Shahr-i Sokhta. In: Proceedings of the XXV Rencontre Assyriologique (Berlin West, 3-7 July 1978), pp. 1-20, 1982. (Type: Proceedings Article | BibTeX)@inproceedings{nokey, |
| 14. |  | Constantini, Lorenzo; Tosi, Maurizio: The Environment of Southern Sistan in the third millennium B.C. and its exploitation by the protourban Hilmand civilization. In: Brice, W. C. (Ed.): The Environment of the Middle East since the last Ice Age, pp. 165-182, Acad Press, London, 1978. (Type: Book Chapter | BibTeX)@inbook{nokey, |
| 15. | Pigott, Vincent Charles: Archaeo-metallurgical Investigations at Bronze Age Tappeh Hesar. In: Robert H. Dyson, Jr.; Howard, Susan M. (Ed.): Tappeh Hesar. Reports of the Restudy Project
, pp. 25-33, Casa editrice Le Lettere, 1976. (Type: Book Chapter | BibTeX)@inbook{nokey, | |
| 16. |  | Bulgarelli, Grazia M.: Tepe Hisar. Preliminary Report on a Surfrace Survey, Aug. 1972. In: East and West, vol. 24, no. 1-2, pp. 15-27, 1974. (Type: Journal Article | Links | BibTeX)@article{nokey, |
2024 |
|
| Maziar, Sepideh; Zalaghi, Ali; Aghalari, Bayram; Asgari, Sepideh; Sheikhi, Shiva; Mashkour, Marjan: Mortuary Practices, Rituality, and Commemorative Places: A View of Kohne Tepesi in the Southern Basin of the Araxes River, Iran. In: Journal of Field Archaeology, 2024. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Bronze Age, Kura-Araxes, Social)@article{nokey,Ritual practices as behavior, and the cognitive acknowledgment of life and death, foster a depth in social identity, collective social memory, and a societal worldview. This paper outlines the evidence of Early Bronze Age burial practices in northwestern Iran to discuss the newly discovered chamber tombs at Kohne Tepesi within the broader context of mortuary practices during the middle and last part of the 3rd millennium b.c. The findings from Kohne Tepesi support the idea that, at least for parts of Kura-Araxes society, burial rites and commemoration of the dead played a crucial role in their worldview. Furthermore, this site demonstrates that the changes in symbolic practices and social behavior during the Early Kurgan period were not spontaneous but rooted in the last phases of the Kura-Araxes period and that the perceptions of earlier traditions had been conserved in long-term social memory. |
2022 |
|
| Maziar, Sepideh: Evaluation of the Kura-Araxes migration: From a mono-factorial phantasm to a multi-dimensional phenomenon. In: Kosyan, Aram; Avetisyan, Pavel; Martirosyan-Olshansky, Kristine; Bobokhyan, Arsen; Grekyan, Yervand (Ed.): Paradise Lost. The Phenomenon of the Kura-Araxes Tradition along the Fertile Crescent Collection of papers honouring Ruben S. Badalyan on the occassion of his 65th birthday, Archaeopress, 2022. (Type: Book Chapter | Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Bronze Age, Kura-Araxes, Mobility, Resilience, Translocality)@inbook{nokey,Many scholars concerned with the Kura-Araxes cultural tradition take many aspects of this complex phenomenon for granted. In most publications, the expansion of this tradition across a vast area is treated like the movement of people from point A to B, or in the best case, as the waves of movement between these points. In most of them, migration is considered a direct reaction of people to population growth, lack of pasture lands, environmental stresses, and the Kura-Araxes as environmental or conflict refugees that flee a threat. These perspectives in recent years terminated to some skeptics regarding considering the distribution of the Kura-Araxes material culture as a result of migration. On the other hand, turning to be once again a buzzword, ‘migration’ as an explanation, is considered anachronistic among some archaeologists. This article will reevaluate different scenarios related to the Kura-Araxes phenomenon to see where we stand and how we can overcome these shortcomings. It seems that the Kura-Araxes phenomenon at the current state of our understanding suffers different drawbacks at different levels. The migration scenario itself and the mechanism behind it are still vague, and the relationship between the core area and diaspora is rarely addressed. It is suggested that approaches such as ‘resilience theory’ and discussing the Kura- Araxes phenomenon and migration in the context of social resilience will be more promising for the topic at hand. |
| Kashani, Natascha Bagherpour: Depositional Practices at the Natural Sanctuary of Veshnaveh, Central Iran: Jewellery and Watery Caves. Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rahden/Westfalen, 2022. (Type: Book | Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Bronze Age, Copper, copper base, Metal Resources, Mining, Qom, Religious structures, Resources)@book{nokey,The mining archaeological excavations in Veshnaveh were among the first systematic of their kind in Iran. This is surprising, since the site itself had been known and described since the 1970s, but could not be investigated thoroughly until the early 2000s. The joint Iranian-German research in Veshnaveh was carried out as a part of the “Early Min- ing and Metallurgy in West-Central Iran” project, which had been continued until 2005. In this context, the mining area of Veshnaveh was comprehensively researched and, for the first time, underground excavations and surveys were carried out in the vicinity of the mining area. During our research of the mining evidence, it was the more surprising to discover ritual re-use of a Bronze Age copper mine. The excavations from 2001 onwards made it immediately clear that these deposits were not part of mining debris as one would have expected for mining activities. The findings suggested a different con- text and it was clear that this was a special rural sanc- tuary of pre- and early Zoroastrian cults. |
2021 |
|
| Maziar, Sepideh: Geographical Proximity and Material Culture; The Interplay Between Syunik and the Southern Part of the Araxes River Basin in the 6th to the 3rd Millennium BC. In: Quaternary International, iss. 579, pp. 42-58, 2021. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Bronze Age, Chalcolithic, Economy, Kura-Araxes, Neolithic, Settlement mobility, Social, social relations, Survey)@article{nokey,The region that is known today as Syunik in the south/southeastern part of Armenia is geographically a close neighbour of the southern part of the Araxes river basin in today Iran. Political upheavals and boundaries hindered fieldwork in these areas for many years. The archaeological project of the Araxes valley (APAV) is one of many other projects that launched in 2013 in this region and focused on the southern basin of the Araxes River. The results of the excavations of two sites, Kohne Pasgah Tepesi and Kohne Tepesi, and the intensive survey carried out in this area, enable us to shed more light on the settlement dynamics, material culture and economic/social networks of this area and its neighbours. The period from the 6th up to the middle part of the 4th millennium BC represents the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods in this region. The material culture of both periods shares many common characteristics with contemporary traditions at sites of the southern Caucasus. Later, in the last part of the 4th millennium BC, a cultural tradition that originated in the southern Caucasus, known as the Kura-Araxes cultural tradition, expanded over a vast area, including the southern part of the Araxes river basin. Based on the study of the pottery styles and obsidian flow, the patterns of interconnection between regions, communities, and sources, and commodity flows are examined. The role of the Araxes River and its tributaries in this interplay over the stated time span is the other inquiry of this article. Furthermore, I will investigate whether spatial propinquity had any impact on commodity flows and exchange, and if so, did this impact affected the material culture and technological practices or not. |
| Stöllner, Thomas; Aali, Abolfazl: Long-Term Salt Mining in Chehrābād: Resilient Strategies in Accessing Mineral Resources at the Iranian Highlands. In: Pearls, Politics and Pistachios: Essays in Anthropology and Memories on the Occasion of Susan Pollock’s 65th Birthday, pp. 352-369, Ex Oriente/Propylaeum, Berlin/Heidelberg, 2021. (Type: Book Chapter | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Achaemenid, Administration, Bronze Age, Chalcolithic, Institutions, Iron Age, Islamic era, Minerals, Mining, Neolithic, Resilience, Resources, Salt, Sasanian, Zanjan)@inbook{nokey, |
2020 |
|
| Stöllner, Thomas; Aali, Abolfazl; Kashani, Natascha Bagherpour (Ed.): Tod im Salz. Eine archäologische Ermittlung in Persien. Nünnerich-Asmus Verlag & Media GmbH, 2020, ISBN: 978-3-96176-141-8. (Type: Book | Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Achaemenid, Administration, Bronze Age, Chalcolithic, Institutions, Iron Age, Islamic era, Minerals, Mining, Mobility, Neolithic, Salt, Sasanian, Zanjan)@book{nokey,Since the first discoveries in 1993 bodies or body-parts of eight humans have been discovered at the salt-mine of Douzlākh at Chehrābād. These bodies allow a reconstruction of their lives as workers during the different operation periods. By involving many different scientific fields, it became possible to investigate their palaeo-medical aspects, their diet and their health status as well the causes of their death and their involvement into different aspects of the mining operation and logistics of the mine. It is possible not only to reconstruct three different catastrophes during the Achaemenid, the early and the late Sasanian times but also to understand the social aspects of the working people. The Achaemenid miners certainly came from abroad but already stayed a while in the region, apart from the young miner no. 4 who seems to have arrived shortly before the catastrophe. This group of migrants possibly were sent within a “bandaka”, an Achaemenid labour duty. The Sassanian miners partly came from a “regional” background but also came shortly before their deaths. Saltman 1 is interesting as he is an older individual who possibly had a special role within the miners. Mining at Douzlakh was predominantly operated in periods of strong centralized political systems when governmental activities could be organized over longer distances. |
| Maziar, Sepideh; Zalaghi, Ali: Exploring Beyond the River and Inside the Valleys: Settlement Development and Cultural Landscape of the Araxes River Basin Through Time. In: Iran, iss. 59, pp. 36–56, 2020. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bronze Age, Caucasus, Chalcolithic, Georgia, Iron Age, Kura-Araxes, Landscape, Mobility, Neolithic, Settlement and subsistance systems, Settlement mobility, Settlement structure, Structure development)@article{nokey,Geographical landmarks, especially rivers, have always played an important role in forming or hampering interplay between societies. In some cases, they act as a “communication route” and in some others as “obstacles”. In north-western Iran, it is possible that the Araxes River played such a decisive role by sculpting its surroundings. While our studies are not yet sufficiently adequate to understand the exact role of this river in different time spans, we can begin in some way to conceptualise its role in different periods. The Araxes Valley Archaeological Project (AVAP) was developed with the general aim of investigating settlement development from the fifth to the third millennium BC. Furthermore, studying the possible and probable routes of interaction, both inter- and intra-regional, between the Jolfa and Khoda Afarin plains and the southern Caucasus and north-western Iran, networks of contacts and exchange, and gaining a better understanding of the geographical characteristics of this area and its landscape were among our aims. In this article, the general history of occupation along this river is given to provide a preliminary database to understand the geographical and socio-political potential of this part in order to pursue more comprehensive studies in the future. |
2009 |
|
Thornton, Christopher P.; Rehren, Thilo; Pigott, Vincent Charles: The production of speiss (iron arsenide) during the Early Bronze Age in Iran. In: Journal of Archaeological Science, iss. 36, no. 2, pp. 308-316, 2009. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age)@article{nokey,In this paper, analyses of some unusual slag samples from the prehistoric site of Tepe Hissar in northeastern Iran are presented. These slags are the remains of a five-thousand-year-old pyrotechnological process that produced speiss, a quasi-metallic material usually formed as an accidental by-product of copper or lead smelting. We argue that the "speiss slags" from Tepe Hissar suggest the intentional production of iron-arsenic alloy ("speiss") in prehistory. Why the Tepe Hissar metalworkers produced speiss is a question that requires further investigation, but our preliminary assessment suggests that it was to provide arsenic as an alloying component for arsenical copper, the preferred copper alloy during much of the Early Bronze Age in Iran, and widely used across the ancient world. This recognition significantly advances our understanding of the early stages of metallurgy in the Old World. | |
2008 |
|
Begemann, Friedrich; Haerinck, Ernie; Overlaet, B.; Schmitt-Strecker, Sigrid; Tallon, François: An Archaeo-Metallurgical Study of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Luristan, Iran. In: Iranica Antiqua, vol. 43, pp. 1-34, 2008. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Bronze Age, Copper, copper base)@article{nokey,Copper-base artefacts from Bronze Age Luristan have been analysed for their chemical composition and the isotopic composition of their lead. We find no significant systematic differences between a group of objects recovered in the Pusht-i Kuh region in the course of controlled excavations during the Belgian Archaeological Mission in Iran (BAMI) and a second group of artefacts from the Louvre Museum which were acquired on the art market. According to these material features the objects from the art market are made of genuine "Luristan" metal which does not exclude the possibility that the artefacts are recent forgeries made of "old" metal. The data suggest a large fraction of the artefacts, copper and bronze, to derive from copper ores as they are available in the eastern part of the central Zagros Mountains from where also tin ores have been reported. Bronzes with high 206Pb-normalized abundance ratios, conspicuous in contemporary Mesopotamia, are missing in Luristan. We have no satisfactory explanation to offer why the manifold cultural and material connections between Mesopotamia and Luristan should have excluded the trade in bronzes with such exceptional lead isotopy. | |
2002 |
|
Emberling, Geoff; Robb, John; Speth, John O.; Wright, Henry T.: Kunji Cave: early bronze age burials in Luristan. In: lranica Antiqua, vol. 37, pp. 47-104, 2002. (Type: Journal Article | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Bronze Age)@article{nokey, | |
1998 |
|
Hakemi, Ali; Sajjadi, S. M. S.: Shahdad: archaeological excavations of a bronze age center in Iran. In: American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 102, pp. 827-828, 1998. (Type: Journal Article | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Bronze Age)@article{nokey, | |
1992 |
|
Hakemi, Ali: The Copper Smelting Furnaces of the Bronze Age in Shahdad. In: South Asian archaeology 1989 : papers from the Tenth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Musée National des Arts Asiatiques - Guimet, Paris, France, 3-7 July, 1989
, pp. 119-132, Prehistory Press, 1992. (Type: Book Chapter | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age, Copper, Metal Resources)@inbook{nokey, | |
1982 |
|
| Tosi, Maurizio: The Development of Urban Societies in Turan and the Mesopotamien Trade with the East: The Evidence from Shahr-i Sokhta. In: Proceedings of the XXV Rencontre Assyriologique (Berlin West, 3-7 July 1978), pp. 1-20, 1982. (Type: Proceedings Article | BibTeX | Tags: Bronze Age)@inproceedings{nokey, |
1978 |
|
| Constantini, Lorenzo; Tosi, Maurizio: The Environment of Southern Sistan in the third millennium B.C. and its exploitation by the protourban Hilmand civilization. In: Brice, W. C. (Ed.): The Environment of the Middle East since the last Ice Age, pp. 165-182, Acad Press, London, 1978. (Type: Book Chapter | BibTeX | Tags: Bronze Age)@inbook{nokey, |
1976 |
|
Pigott, Vincent Charles: Archaeo-metallurgical Investigations at Bronze Age Tappeh Hesar. In: Robert H. Dyson, Jr.; Howard, Susan M. (Ed.): Tappeh Hesar. Reports of the Restudy Project
, pp. 25-33, Casa editrice Le Lettere, 1976. (Type: Book Chapter | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age)@inbook{nokey, | |
1974 |
|
| Bulgarelli, Grazia M.: Tepe Hisar. Preliminary Report on a Surfrace Survey, Aug. 1972. In: East and West, vol. 24, no. 1-2, pp. 15-27, 1974. (Type: Journal Article | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Bronze Age, Chalcolithic, Semnan, Survey)@article{nokey, |