Publications so far
0
| 1. |  | Kashani, Natascha Bagherpour: Depositional Practices at the Natural Sanctuary of Veshnaveh, Central Iran: Jewellery and Watery Caves. Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rahden/Westfalen, 2022. (Type: Book | Abstract | Links | BibTeX)@book{nokey,The mining archaeological excavations in Veshnaveh were among the first systematic of their kind in Iran. This is surprising, since the site itself had been known and described since the 1970s, but could not be investigated thoroughly until the early 2000s. The joint Iranian-German research in Veshnaveh was carried out as a part of the “Early Min- ing and Metallurgy in West-Central Iran” project, which had been continued until 2005. In this context, the mining area of Veshnaveh was comprehensively researched and, for the first time, underground excavations and surveys were carried out in the vicinity of the mining area. During our research of the mining evidence, it was the more surprising to discover ritual re-use of a Bronze Age copper mine. The excavations from 2001 onwards made it immediately clear that these deposits were not part of mining debris as one would have expected for mining activities. The findings suggested a different con- text and it was clear that this was a special rural sanc- tuary of pre- and early Zoroastrian cults. |
| 2. |  | Soltani, Anise Nejad; Maziar, Sepideh; Mortazavi, Mohammad: Scientific Investigation On a Copper-Based Pin from Köhn Pāsga Tepesi in the Province of Eastern Azerbaijan (Iran). In: Laflı, Ergün (Ed.): Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Bronzes from Anatolia and Neighbouring Regions, pp. 305-309, BAR Publishing, Oxford, 2021. (Type: Book Chapter | Abstract | Links | BibTeX)@inbook{nokey,In this paper a copper-based pin found in Köhné Pāsgāh Tepesi excavations has been investigated. This archaeological site is located between the villages of Máfrüzlü and Shoja'lu, and is part of the administrative district of Káleybár district, in East Azerbaijan province, Iran. It is located on the south bank of the Araxes valley in the Khodääfarin area. The site is one of several sites that will be submerged by the Khodääfarin dam project.The pin has been thoroughly examined in an attempt to find more about the elements used in the alloys' composition and the manufacturing methods of this object. The analytical methods used include ICP, SEM-EDX and metallography. According to the analytical data, an arsenic-copper alloy has been used to make this object with arsenic content about 3%. The metallographic studies showed banded microstructure evident chemical segregation, but also implied cold working used effectively to manufacture the pin. |
| 3. | Begemann, Friedrich; Haerinck, Ernie; Overlaet, B.; Schmitt-Strecker, Sigrid; Tallon, François: An Archaeo-Metallurgical Study of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Luristan, Iran. In: Iranica Antiqua, vol. 43, pp. 1-34, 2008. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX)@article{nokey,Copper-base artefacts from Bronze Age Luristan have been analysed for their chemical composition and the isotopic composition of their lead. We find no significant systematic differences between a group of objects recovered in the Pusht-i Kuh region in the course of controlled excavations during the Belgian Archaeological Mission in Iran (BAMI) and a second group of artefacts from the Louvre Museum which were acquired on the art market. According to these material features the objects from the art market are made of genuine "Luristan" metal which does not exclude the possibility that the artefacts are recent forgeries made of "old" metal. The data suggest a large fraction of the artefacts, copper and bronze, to derive from copper ores as they are available in the eastern part of the central Zagros Mountains from where also tin ores have been reported. Bronzes with high 206Pb-normalized abundance ratios, conspicuous in contemporary Mesopotamia, are missing in Luristan. We have no satisfactory explanation to offer why the manifold cultural and material connections between Mesopotamia and Luristan should have excluded the trade in bronzes with such exceptional lead isotopy. | |
| 4. | Hauptmann, Andreas; Rehren, Thilo; Schmitt-Strecker, Sigrid: Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy at Shahr-i Sokhta, reconsidered. In: Man and Mining - Mensch und Bergbau. Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber. Der Anschnitt, vol. Beih. 16, pp. 197-213, 2003. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX)@article{nokey,Between 2700 and 2500 BC, mixed sulphidic and oxidic copper ores were brought to the urban site of Shahr-i Sokhta in eastern Iran to be smelted in crucibles. The main ore component to be extracted was copper oxide with remnants of copper sulphide, following the co-smelting process. No deliberate attempt was made to roast the copper sulphide in order to exploit its copper content. After the smelt, the entire charge, comprising metal, matte and slag, was poured or tapped from the crucibles into a separate receptacle, where the metal / matte melt separated underneath the slag. The separation of copper metal was improved by its interaction with low-melting copper sulphides. Detailed analyses of texture and phase content of the slag provide information on the cooling process and the origin of various inclusions. The role of iron arsenide (speiss) from the site is discussed in the context of early arsenical copper. Lead isotope ratios of archaeometallurgical finds offer proof of a common, though probably complex origin of ores, slag, matte and copper, and indicate a possible provenance of ores from the Iranian Malik-i Siah Mountains west of Shar-i Sokhta. Teh scale or production indicates a domestic type of industry, while the technology being used appears more developed than that used throughout the Middle East, and can be seen as the beginnings of full slagging operations. | |
| 5. | Pigott, Vincent Charles; Lechtman, Heather: Chalcolithic copper-base metallurgy on the Iranian plateau: a new look at old evidence from Tal-i lblis. In: Potts, Timothy; Roaf, Michael; Stein, Diana (Ed.): Culture through Objects. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of P.R.S. Moorey
, pp. 291-312, Peeters, 2003, ISBN: 9780900416798. (Type: Book Chapter | Links | BibTeX)@inbook{nokey, | |
| 6. | Rastadt, E.; Miralipour, A. Monazami; Momenzadeh, M.: Sheikh-Ali Copper Deposit, a Cypurs-Type VMS Deposit Southeast Iran (Manuskript). In: Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, vol. 13, iss. 1, no. 1, pp. 51-63, 2002, ISSN: 1016-1104. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX)@article{nokey,Sheikh-Ali copper deposit is located 300 km southeast Kennan in southeastem part of the Zagros ophiolite belt. The country rocks are volcano-sedimentary sequence of Upper Cretaceous in age. The rock units consist of pillow basalt lava, diabase, pelagic limestone, radiolarian chert and calcareous sandstone. These units locally have an eastwest trend and are emplaced between serpentinites and ultrabasics through a fault contact. The ore-bearing exhalative silicic horizon was deposited stratiformly at the contact between pillow lavas and pelagic limestones. Chloritic and propylitic alterations can be seen in the surrounding rocks. The geometry of ore is lenticular and the lenses are conformable with the pelagic limestones, as well as pillow basalt lavas. The mineral paragenesis includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, specularite, chert and calcite. The ore textures are massive, laminar, colloform, disseminated and rarely veinlets. Geochemical studies show excellent correlation between Cu and Zn in different part of the ore body. Furthermore, the REE pattems are similar in both the pillow basalts and the ore body. Geological, lithological, ore paragenesis and geochemical studies suggest that the deposit can be introduced as a Cyprus-type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, resulted from exhalatives and submarine volcanic fumarols, synchroneous with the formation of country rocks. | |
| 7. | Hezarkhani, Zahra; Keesmann, Ingo: Archäometallurgische Untersuchungen an Kupferschlacken im Zentraliran. In: Metalla, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 101-125, 1996. (Type: Journal Article | BibTeX)@article{nokey, | |
| 8. | Hakemi, Ali: The Copper Smelting Furnaces of the Bronze Age in Shahdad. In: South Asian archaeology 1989 : papers from the Tenth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Musée National des Arts Asiatiques - Guimet, Paris, France, 3-7 July, 1989
, pp. 119-132, Prehistory Press, 1992. (Type: Book Chapter | BibTeX)@inbook{nokey, | |
| 9. | Herrli, H.: Kupfer-Nominale des sasanidischen Münzsystems. In: Münzen-Revue, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 276-277, 1983. (Type: Journal Article | BibTeX)@article{nokey, | |
| 10. | Shahmirzadi, Sadegh Malek: Copper, Bronze, and Their Implementation by Metalsmiths of Sagzabad, Qazvin Plain, Iran. In: Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, vol. 12, pp. 49-66, 1979. (Type: Journal Article | BibTeX)@article{nokey, | |
| 11. | Majidzadeh, Yousef: An early prehistoric coppersmith workshop at Tepe Ghabristan. In: Akten des VII. Internationalen Kongresses fur Iranische Kunst and Archäologie : München 7.-10. September 1976
, pp. 82-92, Reimer, 1979. (Type: Book Chapter | BibTeX)@inbook{nokey, | |
| 12. |  | Moorey, P. R. S.: Prehistoric copper and bronze metallurgy in western Iran (with special reference to Luristan). In: Iran, vol. 7, pp. 131-154, 1969. (Type: Journal Article | Links | BibTeX)@article{nokey, |
| 13. | Caldwell, Joseph R.: Tal-i-Iblis und der Beginn der Kupfer-Metallurgie im 5. Jahrtausend. In: Archaeologia Viva, vol. 1, pp. 145-150, 1968. (Type: Journal Article | BibTeX)@article{nokey, | |
| 14. |  | Schürenberg, Horst: Über iranische Kupfererzvorkommen mit komplexen Kobalt-Nickelerzen. In: Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 200-230, 1963. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | BibTeX)@article{nokey,Summary: she joins with three different mineral paragenesis occur in paleogene trachyandesites, La tight and the conglomerates of the series near Baytsche Bagh in Azerbeidshan. 1. Quartz, pyrite, carbonates and sulphides and copper. 2. Quatz, Native bismuth, cobalt arsenides and molybdenite were hitherto found only in the depth of 1 vein with copper ores (1.). 3. Quartz, pyrite, Carbonates, sphalerite, galenite and a small amount of copper sulphides which could only be found in the depth in two independent parallel running fissure veins close to veins of copper ore. These deposits are interpreted as a mesothermal subvolcanic formation. The deposits of the impregnation type of Talmessi and Meskani near Anrak in the central Iranian highland occur in paleogene dacite respectively and Andesite. They contain chalcocite, mainly as impregnations and small veinlets with complex nickel arsenides and traces of cobalt arsenides. during the mineralisation the content of sulphur diminished where the concentration of arsenic increased, so that parts of the copper sulphides were displaced by algodonite and domeykite. A second generation brought small amounts of henatitic quartz and pechblende. Later both occurrences were alterated by cementation. The primary meso-to epithermal formations are regarded to be subvolcanic. |
| 15. | Krause, H.: Die Kupferverteilung auf der Eisenerzlagerstätte Shams Abad (Iran) und ihre genetische Deutung. In: Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, vol. 100, pp. 185-202, 1963. (Type: Journal Article | BibTeX)@article{nokey, | |
| 16. | Schürenberg, Horst: Über iranische Kupfererzvorkommen mit komplexen Kobalt-Nickelerzen. In: Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, vol. 99, no. 2, 1963. (Type: Journal Article | BibTeX)@article{nokey, | |
| 17. |  | Stahl, A. F.: Die Kupfererze Persiens. In: Chemiker Zeitung, vol. 18, pp. 3-4, 1894. (Type: Journal Article | BibTeX)@article{nokey, |
| 18. | Thornton, Christopher P.; Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C.; Liezers, Martin; Young, Suzanne M. M.: On Pins and Needles: Tracing the Evolution of Copper-base Alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS Analysis of Common-place Items. In: Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 29, iss. 12, 0000. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX)@article{nokey,From 1967 to 1975 a team of archaeologists excavated the site of Tepe Yahya in southeastern Iran under the direction of C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky. Although there are two forthcoming “final reports” (Hiebert (in progress), and Magee (in press); see also Lamberg-Karlovsky & Potts, 2001), analysis of the materials continues as opportunities allow. Metal artefacts, most especially those made of copper and its alloys, are found at this site from the late Neolithic through the Iron Age. Archaeometallurgical analysis, radiocarbon chronologies, and archaeological interpretation allow one to state when and how a type of metal or a style of object was invented, its use as a trade item, and its function and value to an ancient community. In the hopes of establishing a framework for future archaeometallurgical studies, most of the metal artefacts from Tepe Yahya, Iran, stored in the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, were analysed for elemental composition to complement stylistic and metallographic data. |
2022 |
|
| Kashani, Natascha Bagherpour: Depositional Practices at the Natural Sanctuary of Veshnaveh, Central Iran: Jewellery and Watery Caves. Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rahden/Westfalen, 2022. (Type: Book | Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Bronze Age, Copper, copper base, Metal Resources, Mining, Qom, Religious structures, Resources)@book{nokey,The mining archaeological excavations in Veshnaveh were among the first systematic of their kind in Iran. This is surprising, since the site itself had been known and described since the 1970s, but could not be investigated thoroughly until the early 2000s. The joint Iranian-German research in Veshnaveh was carried out as a part of the “Early Min- ing and Metallurgy in West-Central Iran” project, which had been continued until 2005. In this context, the mining area of Veshnaveh was comprehensively researched and, for the first time, underground excavations and surveys were carried out in the vicinity of the mining area. During our research of the mining evidence, it was the more surprising to discover ritual re-use of a Bronze Age copper mine. The excavations from 2001 onwards made it immediately clear that these deposits were not part of mining debris as one would have expected for mining activities. The findings suggested a different con- text and it was clear that this was a special rural sanc- tuary of pre- and early Zoroastrian cults. |
2021 |
|
| Soltani, Anise Nejad; Maziar, Sepideh; Mortazavi, Mohammad: Scientific Investigation On a Copper-Based Pin from Köhn Pāsga Tepesi in the Province of Eastern Azerbaijan (Iran). In: Laflı, Ergün (Ed.): Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Bronzes from Anatolia and Neighbouring Regions, pp. 305-309, BAR Publishing, Oxford, 2021. (Type: Book Chapter | Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base, East Azerbaijan)@inbook{nokey,In this paper a copper-based pin found in Köhné Pāsgāh Tepesi excavations has been investigated. This archaeological site is located between the villages of Máfrüzlü and Shoja'lu, and is part of the administrative district of Káleybár district, in East Azerbaijan province, Iran. It is located on the south bank of the Araxes valley in the Khodääfarin area. The site is one of several sites that will be submerged by the Khodääfarin dam project.The pin has been thoroughly examined in an attempt to find more about the elements used in the alloys' composition and the manufacturing methods of this object. The analytical methods used include ICP, SEM-EDX and metallography. According to the analytical data, an arsenic-copper alloy has been used to make this object with arsenic content about 3%. The metallographic studies showed banded microstructure evident chemical segregation, but also implied cold working used effectively to manufacture the pin. |
2008 |
|
Begemann, Friedrich; Haerinck, Ernie; Overlaet, B.; Schmitt-Strecker, Sigrid; Tallon, François: An Archaeo-Metallurgical Study of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Luristan, Iran. In: Iranica Antiqua, vol. 43, pp. 1-34, 2008. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Bronze Age, Copper, copper base)@article{nokey,Copper-base artefacts from Bronze Age Luristan have been analysed for their chemical composition and the isotopic composition of their lead. We find no significant systematic differences between a group of objects recovered in the Pusht-i Kuh region in the course of controlled excavations during the Belgian Archaeological Mission in Iran (BAMI) and a second group of artefacts from the Louvre Museum which were acquired on the art market. According to these material features the objects from the art market are made of genuine "Luristan" metal which does not exclude the possibility that the artefacts are recent forgeries made of "old" metal. The data suggest a large fraction of the artefacts, copper and bronze, to derive from copper ores as they are available in the eastern part of the central Zagros Mountains from where also tin ores have been reported. Bronzes with high 206Pb-normalized abundance ratios, conspicuous in contemporary Mesopotamia, are missing in Luristan. We have no satisfactory explanation to offer why the manifold cultural and material connections between Mesopotamia and Luristan should have excluded the trade in bronzes with such exceptional lead isotopy. | |
2003 |
|
Hauptmann, Andreas; Rehren, Thilo; Schmitt-Strecker, Sigrid: Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy at Shahr-i Sokhta, reconsidered. In: Man and Mining - Mensch und Bergbau. Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber. Der Anschnitt, vol. Beih. 16, pp. 197-213, 2003. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper)@article{nokey,Between 2700 and 2500 BC, mixed sulphidic and oxidic copper ores were brought to the urban site of Shahr-i Sokhta in eastern Iran to be smelted in crucibles. The main ore component to be extracted was copper oxide with remnants of copper sulphide, following the co-smelting process. No deliberate attempt was made to roast the copper sulphide in order to exploit its copper content. After the smelt, the entire charge, comprising metal, matte and slag, was poured or tapped from the crucibles into a separate receptacle, where the metal / matte melt separated underneath the slag. The separation of copper metal was improved by its interaction with low-melting copper sulphides. Detailed analyses of texture and phase content of the slag provide information on the cooling process and the origin of various inclusions. The role of iron arsenide (speiss) from the site is discussed in the context of early arsenical copper. Lead isotope ratios of archaeometallurgical finds offer proof of a common, though probably complex origin of ores, slag, matte and copper, and indicate a possible provenance of ores from the Iranian Malik-i Siah Mountains west of Shar-i Sokhta. Teh scale or production indicates a domestic type of industry, while the technology being used appears more developed than that used throughout the Middle East, and can be seen as the beginnings of full slagging operations. | |
Pigott, Vincent Charles; Lechtman, Heather: Chalcolithic copper-base metallurgy on the Iranian plateau: a new look at old evidence from Tal-i lblis. In: Potts, Timothy; Roaf, Michael; Stein, Diana (Ed.): Culture through Objects. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of P.R.S. Moorey
, pp. 291-312, Peeters, 2003, ISBN: 9780900416798. (Type: Book Chapter | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base)@inbook{nokey, | |
2002 |
|
Rastadt, E.; Miralipour, A. Monazami; Momenzadeh, M.: Sheikh-Ali Copper Deposit, a Cypurs-Type VMS Deposit Southeast Iran (Manuskript). In: Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, vol. 13, iss. 1, no. 1, pp. 51-63, 2002, ISSN: 1016-1104. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper)@article{nokey,Sheikh-Ali copper deposit is located 300 km southeast Kennan in southeastem part of the Zagros ophiolite belt. The country rocks are volcano-sedimentary sequence of Upper Cretaceous in age. The rock units consist of pillow basalt lava, diabase, pelagic limestone, radiolarian chert and calcareous sandstone. These units locally have an eastwest trend and are emplaced between serpentinites and ultrabasics through a fault contact. The ore-bearing exhalative silicic horizon was deposited stratiformly at the contact between pillow lavas and pelagic limestones. Chloritic and propylitic alterations can be seen in the surrounding rocks. The geometry of ore is lenticular and the lenses are conformable with the pelagic limestones, as well as pillow basalt lavas. The mineral paragenesis includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, specularite, chert and calcite. The ore textures are massive, laminar, colloform, disseminated and rarely veinlets. Geochemical studies show excellent correlation between Cu and Zn in different part of the ore body. Furthermore, the REE pattems are similar in both the pillow basalts and the ore body. Geological, lithological, ore paragenesis and geochemical studies suggest that the deposit can be introduced as a Cyprus-type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, resulted from exhalatives and submarine volcanic fumarols, synchroneous with the formation of country rocks. | |
1996 |
|
Hezarkhani, Zahra; Keesmann, Ingo: Archäometallurgische Untersuchungen an Kupferschlacken im Zentraliran. In: Metalla, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 101-125, 1996. (Type: Journal Article | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base)@article{nokey, | |
1992 |
|
Hakemi, Ali: The Copper Smelting Furnaces of the Bronze Age in Shahdad. In: South Asian archaeology 1989 : papers from the Tenth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Musée National des Arts Asiatiques - Guimet, Paris, France, 3-7 July, 1989
, pp. 119-132, Prehistory Press, 1992. (Type: Book Chapter | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age, Copper, Metal Resources)@inbook{nokey, | |
1983 |
|
Herrli, H.: Kupfer-Nominale des sasanidischen Münzsystems. In: Münzen-Revue, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 276-277, 1983. (Type: Journal Article | BibTeX | Tags: Copper)@article{nokey, | |
1979 |
|
Shahmirzadi, Sadegh Malek: Copper, Bronze, and Their Implementation by Metalsmiths of Sagzabad, Qazvin Plain, Iran. In: Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, vol. 12, pp. 49-66, 1979. (Type: Journal Article | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Copper)@article{nokey, | |
Majidzadeh, Yousef: An early prehistoric coppersmith workshop at Tepe Ghabristan. In: Akten des VII. Internationalen Kongresses fur Iranische Kunst and Archäologie : München 7.-10. September 1976
, pp. 82-92, Reimer, 1979. (Type: Book Chapter | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper)@inbook{nokey, | |
1969 |
|
| Moorey, P. R. S.: Prehistoric copper and bronze metallurgy in western Iran (with special reference to Luristan). In: Iran, vol. 7, pp. 131-154, 1969. (Type: Journal Article | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Copper, Luristan)@article{nokey, |
1968 |
|
Caldwell, Joseph R.: Tal-i-Iblis und der Beginn der Kupfer-Metallurgie im 5. Jahrtausend. In: Archaeologia Viva, vol. 1, pp. 145-150, 1968. (Type: Journal Article | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base)@article{nokey, | |
1963 |
|
| Schürenberg, Horst: Über iranische Kupfererzvorkommen mit komplexen Kobalt-Nickelerzen. In: Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 200-230, 1963. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper)@article{nokey,Summary: she joins with three different mineral paragenesis occur in paleogene trachyandesites, La tight and the conglomerates of the series near Baytsche Bagh in Azerbeidshan. 1. Quartz, pyrite, carbonates and sulphides and copper. 2. Quatz, Native bismuth, cobalt arsenides and molybdenite were hitherto found only in the depth of 1 vein with copper ores (1.). 3. Quartz, pyrite, Carbonates, sphalerite, galenite and a small amount of copper sulphides which could only be found in the depth in two independent parallel running fissure veins close to veins of copper ore. These deposits are interpreted as a mesothermal subvolcanic formation. The deposits of the impregnation type of Talmessi and Meskani near Anrak in the central Iranian highland occur in paleogene dacite respectively and Andesite. They contain chalcocite, mainly as impregnations and small veinlets with complex nickel arsenides and traces of cobalt arsenides. during the mineralisation the content of sulphur diminished where the concentration of arsenic increased, so that parts of the copper sulphides were displaced by algodonite and domeykite. A second generation brought small amounts of henatitic quartz and pechblende. Later both occurrences were alterated by cementation. The primary meso-to epithermal formations are regarded to be subvolcanic. |
Krause, H.: Die Kupferverteilung auf der Eisenerzlagerstätte Shams Abad (Iran) und ihre genetische Deutung. In: Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, vol. 100, pp. 185-202, 1963. (Type: Journal Article | BibTeX | Tags: Copper, Metal Resources, Resources)@article{nokey, | |
Schürenberg, Horst: Über iranische Kupfererzvorkommen mit komplexen Kobalt-Nickelerzen. In: Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, vol. 99, no. 2, 1963. (Type: Journal Article | BibTeX | Tags: Copper, Metal Resources, Resources)@article{nokey, | |
1894 |
|
| Stahl, A. F.: Die Kupfererze Persiens. In: Chemiker Zeitung, vol. 18, pp. 3-4, 1894. (Type: Journal Article | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper)@article{nokey, |
0000 |
|
Thornton, Christopher P.; Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C.; Liezers, Martin; Young, Suzanne M. M.: On Pins and Needles: Tracing the Evolution of Copper-base Alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS Analysis of Common-place Items. In: Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 29, iss. 12, 0000. (Type: Journal Article | Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base)@article{nokey,From 1967 to 1975 a team of archaeologists excavated the site of Tepe Yahya in southeastern Iran under the direction of C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky. Although there are two forthcoming “final reports” (Hiebert (in progress), and Magee (in press); see also Lamberg-Karlovsky & Potts, 2001), analysis of the materials continues as opportunities allow. Metal artefacts, most especially those made of copper and its alloys, are found at this site from the late Neolithic through the Iron Age. Archaeometallurgical analysis, radiocarbon chronologies, and archaeological interpretation allow one to state when and how a type of metal or a style of object was invented, its use as a trade item, and its function and value to an ancient community. In the hopes of establishing a framework for future archaeometallurgical studies, most of the metal artefacts from Tepe Yahya, Iran, stored in the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, were analysed for elemental composition to complement stylistic and metallographic data. | |