Publications on Iran - The Iranian Highlands: Resiliences and Integration in Premodern Societies

Publications so far

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1.		Soltani, Anise Nejad; Maziar, Sepideh; Mortazavi, Mohammad: Scientific Investigation On a Copper-Based Pin from Köhn Pāsga Tepesi in the Province of Eastern Azerbaijan (Iran). In: Laflı, Ergün (Ed.): Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Bronzes from Anatolia and Neighbouring Regions, pp. 305-309, BAR Publishing, Oxford, 2021. (Type: Book Chapter \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX) @inbook{nokey, title = {Scientific Investigation On a Copper-Based Pin from Köhn Pāsga Tepesi in the Province of Eastern Azerbaijan (Iran)}, author = {Anise Nejad Soltani and Sepideh Maziar and Mohammad Mortazavi}, editor = {Ergün Laflı}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354403320_2021_Scientific_investigation_on_a_copper-based_pin_from_Kohne_Pasgah_Tepesi_in_the_province_of_Eastern_Azerbaijan_Iran}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-00-00}, urldate = {2021-00-00}, booktitle = {Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Bronzes from Anatolia and Neighbouring Regions}, pages = {305-309}, publisher = {BAR Publishing}, address = {Oxford}, series = {BAR international series 3038}, abstract = {In this paper a copper-based pin found in Köhné Pāsgāh Tepesi excavations has been investigated. This archaeological site is located between the villages of Máfrüzlü and Shoja'lu, and is part of the administrative district of Káleybár district, in East Azerbaijan province, Iran. It is located on the south bank of the Araxes valley in the Khodääfarin area. The site is one of several sites that will be submerged by the Khodääfarin dam project.The pin has been thoroughly examined in an attempt to find more about the elements used in the alloys' composition and the manufacturing methods of this object. The analytical methods used include ICP, SEM-EDX and metallography. According to the analytical data, an arsenic-copper alloy has been used to make this object with arsenic content about 3%. The metallographic studies showed banded microstructure evident chemical segregation, but also implied cold working used effectively to manufacture the pin.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close In this paper a copper-based pin found in Köhné Pāsgāh Tepesi excavations has been investigated. This archaeological site is located between the villages of Máfrüzlü and Shoja'lu, and is part of the administrative district of Káleybár district, in East Azerbaijan province, Iran. It is located on the south bank of the Araxes valley in the Khodääfarin area. The site is one of several sites that will be submerged by the Khodääfarin dam project.The pin has been thoroughly examined in an attempt to find more about the elements used in the alloys' composition and the manufacturing methods of this object. The analytical methods used include ICP, SEM-EDX and metallography. According to the analytical data, an arsenic-copper alloy has been used to make this object with arsenic content about 3%. The metallographic studies showed banded microstructure evident chemical segregation, but also implied cold working used effectively to manufacture the pin. Close https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354403320_2021_Scientific_investigation[...] Close
2.		Amini, Sarem: Investigations at "Chakherbaz Holes", Kurdistan, Iran: A Possible Ancient Mining/Metallurgical Site. 2011. (Type: Working paper \| Abstract \| BibTeX) @workingpaper{nokey, title = {Investigations at "Chakherbaz Holes", Kurdistan, Iran: A Possible Ancient Mining/Metallurgical Site}, author = {Sarem Amini }, year = {2011}, date = {2011-00-00}, urldate = {2011-00-00}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran}, abstract = {The "Chakherbaz suspected Hole" in western Iran, Kurdistan, was investigated to unravel its mystery of origin. This led to the discovery of some materials, including metal-bearing slag fragments and some partially oxidized iron grains within the soils covering the inside and outside surfaces of the hole which indicate possible metallurgical or smithing practices at the site. The nature of the slag materials found suggest iron smelting; although indications of copper mineralization and the presence of chalcopyrite grains within the slag fragments equally present evidences for copper metallurgy. This seems to have implications for the origin of the holes which are thought to be abandoned surface mines. This notion is further supported by the discovery of pottery in the fill materials and lithics suspected to be ancient stone mining tools. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {workingpaper} } Close The "Chakherbaz suspected Hole" in western Iran, Kurdistan, was investigated to unravel its mystery of origin. This led to the discovery of some materials, including metal-bearing slag fragments and some partially oxidized iron grains within the soils covering the inside and outside surfaces of the hole which indicate possible metallurgical or smithing practices at the site. The nature of the slag materials found suggest iron smelting; although indications of copper mineralization and the presence of chalcopyrite grains within the slag fragments equally present evidences for copper metallurgy. This seems to have implications for the origin of the holes which are thought to be abandoned surface mines. This notion is further supported by the discovery of pottery in the fill materials and lithics suspected to be ancient stone mining tools. Close
3.		Thornton, Christopher P.; Rehren, Thilo; Pigott, Vincent Charles: The production of speiss (iron arsenide) during the Early Bronze Age in Iran. In: Journal of Archaeological Science, iss. 36, no. 2, pp. 308-316, 2009. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX) @article{nokey, title = {The production of speiss (iron arsenide) during the Early Bronze Age in Iran}, author = {Christopher P. Thornton and Thilo Rehren and Vincent Charles Pigott}, doi = {10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.017}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, urldate = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science}, number = {2}, issue = {36}, pages = {308-316}, publisher = {Academic Press}, abstract = {In this paper, analyses of some unusual slag samples from the prehistoric site of Tepe Hissar in northeastern Iran are presented. These slags are the remains of a five-thousand-year-old pyrotechnological process that produced speiss, a quasi-metallic material usually formed as an accidental by-product of copper or lead smelting. We argue that the "speiss slags" from Tepe Hissar suggest the intentional production of iron-arsenic alloy ("speiss") in prehistory. Why the Tepe Hissar metalworkers produced speiss is a question that requires further investigation, but our preliminary assessment suggests that it was to provide arsenic as an alloying component for arsenical copper, the preferred copper alloy during much of the Early Bronze Age in Iran, and widely used across the ancient world. This recognition significantly advances our understanding of the early stages of metallurgy in the Old World.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close In this paper, analyses of some unusual slag samples from the prehistoric site of Tepe Hissar in northeastern Iran are presented. These slags are the remains of a five-thousand-year-old pyrotechnological process that produced speiss, a quasi-metallic material usually formed as an accidental by-product of copper or lead smelting. We argue that the "speiss slags" from Tepe Hissar suggest the intentional production of iron-arsenic alloy ("speiss") in prehistory. Why the Tepe Hissar metalworkers produced speiss is a question that requires further investigation, but our preliminary assessment suggests that it was to provide arsenic as an alloying component for arsenical copper, the preferred copper alloy during much of the Early Bronze Age in Iran, and widely used across the ancient world. This recognition significantly advances our understanding of the early stages of metallurgy in the Old World. Close doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.017 Close
4.		Begemann, Friedrich; Haerinck, Ernie; Overlaet, B.; Schmitt-Strecker, Sigrid; Tallon, François: An Archaeo-Metallurgical Study of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Luristan, Iran. In: Iranica Antiqua, vol. 43, pp. 1-34, 2008. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX) @article{nokey, title = {An Archaeo-Metallurgical Study of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Luristan, Iran}, author = {Friedrich Begemann and Ernie Haerinck and B. Overlaet and Sigrid Schmitt-Strecker and François Tallon }, doi = {10.2143/IA.43.0.2024041}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, urldate = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Iranica Antiqua}, volume = {43}, pages = {1-34}, publisher = {Peeters}, abstract = {Copper-base artefacts from Bronze Age Luristan have been analysed for their chemical composition and the isotopic composition of their lead. We find no significant systematic differences between a group of objects recovered in the Pusht-i Kuh region in the course of controlled excavations during the Belgian Archaeological Mission in Iran (BAMI) and a second group of artefacts from the Louvre Museum which were acquired on the art market. According to these material features the objects from the art market are made of genuine "Luristan" metal which does not exclude the possibility that the artefacts are recent forgeries made of "old" metal. The data suggest a large fraction of the artefacts, copper and bronze, to derive from copper ores as they are available in the eastern part of the central Zagros Mountains from where also tin ores have been reported. Bronzes with high 206Pb-normalized abundance ratios, conspicuous in contemporary Mesopotamia, are missing in Luristan. We have no satisfactory explanation to offer why the manifold cultural and material connections between Mesopotamia and Luristan should have excluded the trade in bronzes with such exceptional lead isotopy. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close Copper-base artefacts from Bronze Age Luristan have been analysed for their chemical composition and the isotopic composition of their lead. We find no significant systematic differences between a group of objects recovered in the Pusht-i Kuh region in the course of controlled excavations during the Belgian Archaeological Mission in Iran (BAMI) and a second group of artefacts from the Louvre Museum which were acquired on the art market. According to these material features the objects from the art market are made of genuine "Luristan" metal which does not exclude the possibility that the artefacts are recent forgeries made of "old" metal. The data suggest a large fraction of the artefacts, copper and bronze, to derive from copper ores as they are available in the eastern part of the central Zagros Mountains from where also tin ores have been reported. Bronzes with high 206Pb-normalized abundance ratios, conspicuous in contemporary Mesopotamia, are missing in Luristan. We have no satisfactory explanation to offer why the manifold cultural and material connections between Mesopotamia and Luristan should have excluded the trade in bronzes with such exceptional lead isotopy. Close doi:10.2143/IA.43.0.2024041 Close
5.		Thornton, Christopher P.; Rehren, Th.: Report of the first Iranian prehistoric slag workshop. In: Iran, vol. 45, pp. 315-318, 2007. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX) @article{nokey, title = {Report of the first Iranian prehistoric slag workshop}, author = {Christopher P. Thornton and Th. Rehren }, doi = {10.1080/05786967.2007.11869198}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Iran}, volume = {45}, pages = {315-318}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, abstract = {"In December of 2006, a small workshop was held at the UCL Institute of Archaeology to bring together established and emerging scholars currently working on ancient Iranian metallurgy, most especially those focused on the production debris (i.e., slag, furnace lining, etc.). This paper presents a summary of that meeting in order to introduce these scholars to the wider archaeological audience, and to provide a basic idea of the sorts of questions being asked of, and the answers being received from, current scientific studies of these materials." }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close "In December of 2006, a small workshop was held at the UCL Institute of Archaeology to bring together established and emerging scholars currently working on ancient Iranian metallurgy, most especially those focused on the production debris (i.e., slag, furnace lining, etc.). This paper presents a summary of that meeting in order to introduce these scholars to the wider archaeological audience, and to provide a basic idea of the sorts of questions being asked of, and the answers being received from, current scientific studies of these materials." Close doi:10.1080/05786967.2007.11869198 Close
6.		Nezafati, Nima; Pernicka, Ernst; Momenzadeh, Morteza: Ancient tin: Old question and a new answer. In: Antiquity, vol. 80, iss. 308, pp. 1-5, 2006. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX) @article{nokey, title = {Ancient tin: Old question and a new answer}, author = {Nima Nezafati and Ernst Pernicka and Morteza Momenzadeh }, url = {https://www.academia.edu/17063293/Ancient_tin_Old_question_and_a_new_answer}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-06-01}, journal = {Antiquity}, volume = {80}, issue = {308}, pages = {1-5}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close https://www.academia.edu/17063293/Ancient_tin_Old_question_and_a_new_answer Close
7.		Nezafati, Nima: Au-Sn-W-Cu-Mineralization in the Astaneh-Sarband Area, West Central Iran: including a comparison of the ores with ancient bronze artifacts from Western Asia. 2006. (Type: PhD Thesis \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX) @phdthesis{nokey, title = {Au-Sn-W-Cu-Mineralization in the Astaneh-Sarband Area, West Central Iran: including a comparison of the ores with ancient bronze artifacts from Western Asia}, author = {Nima Nezafati }, url = {https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/48972 }, year = {2006}, date = {2006-00-00}, publisher = {Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen}, abstract = {The present study deals with two primary aims; (1) geological, mineralogical, and geochemical investigations of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh, and Nezam Abad mineralizations in the Astaneh-Sarband area, west central Iran, with the aim to understand the characteristics of the occurrences and their conditions of formation, and (2) geochemical investigations on ancient bronze artifacts from Iran and Western Asia in order to compare their characteristics with the high-tin copper ore of Deh Hosein and examine their possible relationship. The Astaneh-Sarband area is located in the northern part of the NW-SE aligned Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt and consists mainly of Mesozoic schists, Middle Jurassic to Middle Tertiary intrusive rocks and related contact metamorphic aureoles, and pegmatites. Regional metamorphism in the area has reached a peak of greenschist facies, but further metamorphism has occurred locally, associated with granitoid emplacement. Magmatism has produced large felsic to intermediate intrusive bodies along a general northwest trend. The main trend of the faults, fractures and other structural features of the area is NW-SE. The Deh Hosein prospect is mainly hosted by Jurassic meta-sedimentary rocks, which have been intruded by the Astaneh complex. Mineralization continues into the southern part of the Astaneh intrusion. The meta-sedimentary rocks consist of alternating meta-sandstone, phyllite, schist, spotted slate and hornfels. The main faults and other structural features, with NW and NE trends, have controlled the mineralization, which occurs in the form of quartz, quartz-sulfide and quartz-gossan veins and veinlets, partly sheeted in structure. These veins are up to 1.5 m wide and several to tens of meters long. Mineralization also occurs as disseminations and impregnations, especially in the vein selvages. Adjacent to and within zones of intense quartz veining, the predominant alteration assemblage is quartz + sericite + tourmaline + monazite. Some 35 metalliferous minerals have been detected at Deh Hosein. Arsenopyrite is the dominant sulfide mineral, with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite > pyrite > pyrrhotite. Cassiterite and ferberite are the rather abundant oxide minerals. The sulfide content in the ore is generally less than two volume percent. Arsenopyrite associated with early alteration and veining typically contains 1-150µm large inclusions of native bismuth, bismite and bismuthinite. Gold occurs in “invisible” form in the arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals of Deh Hosein. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA in the ore ranged from 0.05 to 13.3 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 10%, 6.7%, 2420ppm, and 1800ppm, respectively. At Astaneh, gold mineralization is confined to the NW-SE trending Astaneh intrusion that is composed mainly of biotite granite (98.9 ± 1.0 Ma; Masoudi 1997), which is locally accompanied by granodiorite, tourmaline granite and quartz diorite. The northeastern part of the Astaneh intrusion has been cut by the Shirmazd granodiorite. This stock is about 400 m in diameter and Eocene in age (Rb/Sr and single zircon evaporation methods, this study). The Shirmazd granodiorite has been cut by NE-trending microgranodiorite dykes. Gold mineralization occurs mainly as NE-trending quartz- and quartz-sulfide veins and veinlets, as well as in disseminations in the Shirmazd stock and the intersecting microgranodiorite dykes, and in some nearby, smaller, altered granitic stocks. Alteration minerals include sericite, chlorite, quartz, calcite and in some cases kaolinite. At Astaneh chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite are the major sulfide minerals, of which the latter contains 1-50 µm sized inclusions of native bismuth and bismite. Gold occurs in both visible and invisible forms at Astaneh. Visible gold has been reported in the form of very fine grained particles (<15 µm) either in goethite produced from the oxidation of chalcopyrite or in sericitized plagioclase (Hashemi 2002), while invisible gold occurs in arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 9.5 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 1%, 0.05%, 100 ppm and 138ppm, respectively. The Nezam Abad mineralization is hosted by a Lower-Mid Eocene quartz diorite unit. This rock unit has been cut by several aplitic and quartz or quartz-tourmaline veins; the latter host the mineralization. The faults of the area are NW-, NE- and N-trending. Associated alteration minerals include quartz, chlorite, sericite, and tourmaline. At Nezam Abad, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and scheelite are the most abundant ore minerals. Gold occurs as “invisible” form predominantly in arsenopyrite with bismuth inclusions at Nezam Abad. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 36.2 ppm while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to %10, %0.87, %3.37 and 548ppm, respectively (Farhadian 1999). In all three occurrences, gold shows positive correlations with arsenic, bismuth, selenium, silver, tellurium and antimony. Microprobe investigations revealed that the arsenopyrites from Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad contain 32.3 to 34.3, 30.7 to 31.4, and 33.6 to 35.6 atomic percent of arsenic. Average compositions lead to the conclusion that the mineralization formed at temperatures of 460°C, 410° to 380°C and 565° to 510 °C, respectively. Oxygen isotope ratios for gold-bearing quartz veins in the area range from 13.6 to 19.2‰ for Deh Hosein, from 11.5 to 13.7‰ for Astaneh and from 11.6 to 15‰ (V-SMOW) for Nezam Abad. The oxygen isotope data suggest a metamorphic or a mixed magmatic-metamorphic source for the quartz veins. Measured sulfur isotope values for pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and arsenopyrite in quartz veins of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad range from -5.6 to 0‰, -0.5 to 1.8‰ and 1.2 to 4‰ (CDT), respectively. The sulfur-isotope values of all these occurrences are compatible with a magmatic sulfur source. Pb isotope ratios from the sulfide and host rock samples of the prospects indicate a good agreement between the lead ratios of the ore of Deh Hosein and the hosting meta-sandstone, the ore of Astaneh and the Shirmazd Stock and the ore of Nezam Abad and the hosting quartz diorite. The Pb isotope signatures of the ore from the three occurrences show also rather close ratios. According to the plumbotectonics model of Zartman and Doe (1981) the lead in the ores has a lower crustal Pb component. The studied occurrences share several similarities in terms of their mineralogy, geochemistry, formation temperatures, isotope ratios, alteration and occurrence of gold. They also indicate many similar features with the “intrusion-related gold systems” that have been described from Alaska, the Yukon and other parts of the world (e.g., Lang et al. 1997, 2000; McCoy et al. 1997; Thompson et al. 1999). According to the present data, it appears that a fertile magmatic source (probably of lower crustal origin) has affected the already present metamorphic rocks of the area (by remobilizing some of their elements) and caused a rather intensive gold mineralization in the area during the Pyrenean Orogeny. The extensive ancient mining relics at Deh Hosein, the simultaneous occurrence of tin and copper in it, together with frequent archaeological and ancient textual references which refer to the Iranian plateau as supplier of the raw material for the ancient Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran (Susa and Luristan) encouraged me to examine the possible relationship between the ore of this ancient mine and the ancient bronze artifacts. For this purpose, several bronze artifacts of typical Luristan style which date most probably to the Iranian Iron Age (from about 1300-1250 to 650 BCE) were investigated. The results were compared to the analyses of the Deh Hosein ore and other bronze artifacts previously published. Examination of 29 bronze artifacts from Luristan by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed that the Luristan bronzes show variable concentrations of As, Pb, Zn and Fe in addition to high concentrations of tin (0.48-15.4%). The ore composition of Deh Hosein is matched by several bronze artifacts from Luristan analyzed in this study as well as in previous investigations (Fleming et al. 2005). Even more noteworthy is the observation that the lead isotope ratios of the ore samples from Deh Hosein are in very good agreement with 25 samples of metal artifacts from Luristan and other bronze artifacts dated to the third millennium BCE from the southern Persian Gulf (Weeks 1999), the Aegean (Begemann et al. 1992), as well as from third millennium BCE sites in Luristan and Mesopotamia (Begemann & Schmitt-Strecker in preparation). At Deh Hosein, which is located at the western rim of the Luristan area and is close to ancient civilization centers of Susa and Mesopotamia, the ancient workings appear as numerous big ellipsoidal open depressions in two rows along the mineralized horizons. The old workings are up to 70 by 50m in size and up to 15m deep and are aligned over some 500m. Several hammer stones of silicified phyllite and granite, pottery shards and grinding stones have been found in the open-cast mines and adjacent ancient settlements. The pottery shards can be dated to the early first millennium BCE. Pieces of charcoal found in one of the diggings yielded a radiocarbon date of 3380 ± 55, which on calibration (2 sigma) results in an age range of 1775-1522 BCE. Several indications attest that Deh Hosein has been a major supplier of tin for ancient civilizations of Iran and Mesopotamia and perhaps even further west beginning in the third millennium BCE. In summary: i) The lead isotope compatibility of ores from Deh Hosein with many bronze artifacts from Bronze and Iron Age sites distributed from the southern Persian Gulf to the Aegean is good. ii) This is combined with a good match for trace element patterns of ores and artifacts. iii) Copper and tin occur within one mineralization. iv) Ancient textual references mention tin and bronze supply from regions east of Mesopotamia. v) The dating of surface finds of pottery and charcoal finally supports these findings. At present Deh Hosein is the only known copper-tin occurrence close to Luristan and Mesopotamia. The northern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone which is characterized by intrusion of several intrusive bodies in metamorphic terranes favors the occurrence of similar deposits as in the Astaneh-Sarband area. Thus, the prospects are good for further exploration in the region which may also reveal some other ancient mines. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {phdthesis} } Close The present study deals with two primary aims; (1) geological, mineralogical, and geochemical investigations of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh, and Nezam Abad mineralizations in the Astaneh-Sarband area, west central Iran, with the aim to understand the characteristics of the occurrences and their conditions of formation, and (2) geochemical investigations on ancient bronze artifacts from Iran and Western Asia in order to compare their characteristics with the high-tin copper ore of Deh Hosein and examine their possible relationship. The Astaneh-Sarband area is located in the northern part of the NW-SE aligned Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt and consists mainly of Mesozoic schists, Middle Jurassic to Middle Tertiary intrusive rocks and related contact metamorphic aureoles, and pegmatites. Regional metamorphism in the area has reached a peak of greenschist facies, but further metamorphism has occurred locally, associated with granitoid emplacement. Magmatism has produced large felsic to intermediate intrusive bodies along a general northwest trend. The main trend of the faults, fractures and other structural features of the area is NW-SE. The Deh Hosein prospect is mainly hosted by Jurassic meta-sedimentary rocks, which have been intruded by the Astaneh complex. Mineralization continues into the southern part of the Astaneh intrusion. The meta-sedimentary rocks consist of alternating meta-sandstone, phyllite, schist, spotted slate and hornfels. The main faults and other structural features, with NW and NE trends, have controlled the mineralization, which occurs in the form of quartz, quartz-sulfide and quartz-gossan veins and veinlets, partly sheeted in structure. These veins are up to 1.5 m wide and several to tens of meters long. Mineralization also occurs as disseminations and impregnations, especially in the vein selvages. Adjacent to and within zones of intense quartz veining, the predominant alteration assemblage is quartz + sericite + tourmaline + monazite. Some 35 metalliferous minerals have been detected at Deh Hosein. Arsenopyrite is the dominant sulfide mineral, with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite > pyrite > pyrrhotite. Cassiterite and ferberite are the rather abundant oxide minerals. The sulfide content in the ore is generally less than two volume percent. Arsenopyrite associated with early alteration and veining typically contains 1-150µm large inclusions of native bismuth, bismite and bismuthinite. Gold occurs in “invisible” form in the arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals of Deh Hosein. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA in the ore ranged from 0.05 to 13.3 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 10%, 6.7%, 2420ppm, and 1800ppm, respectively. At Astaneh, gold mineralization is confined to the NW-SE trending Astaneh intrusion that is composed mainly of biotite granite (98.9 ± 1.0 Ma; Masoudi 1997), which is locally accompanied by granodiorite, tourmaline granite and quartz diorite. The northeastern part of the Astaneh intrusion has been cut by the Shirmazd granodiorite. This stock is about 400 m in diameter and Eocene in age (Rb/Sr and single zircon evaporation methods, this study). The Shirmazd granodiorite has been cut by NE-trending microgranodiorite dykes. Gold mineralization occurs mainly as NE-trending quartz- and quartz-sulfide veins and veinlets, as well as in disseminations in the Shirmazd stock and the intersecting microgranodiorite dykes, and in some nearby, smaller, altered granitic stocks. Alteration minerals include sericite, chlorite, quartz, calcite and in some cases kaolinite. At Astaneh chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite are the major sulfide minerals, of which the latter contains 1-50 µm sized inclusions of native bismuth and bismite. Gold occurs in both visible and invisible forms at Astaneh. Visible gold has been reported in the form of very fine grained particles (<15 µm) either in goethite produced from the oxidation of chalcopyrite or in sericitized plagioclase (Hashemi 2002), while invisible gold occurs in arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 9.5 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 1%, 0.05%, 100 ppm and 138ppm, respectively. The Nezam Abad mineralization is hosted by a Lower-Mid Eocene quartz diorite unit. This rock unit has been cut by several aplitic and quartz or quartz-tourmaline veins; the latter host the mineralization. The faults of the area are NW-, NE- and N-trending. Associated alteration minerals include quartz, chlorite, sericite, and tourmaline. At Nezam Abad, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and scheelite are the most abundant ore minerals. Gold occurs as “invisible” form predominantly in arsenopyrite with bismuth inclusions at Nezam Abad. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 36.2 ppm while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to %10, %0.87, %3.37 and 548ppm, respectively (Farhadian 1999). In all three occurrences, gold shows positive correlations with arsenic, bismuth, selenium, silver, tellurium and antimony. Microprobe investigations revealed that the arsenopyrites from Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad contain 32.3 to 34.3, 30.7 to 31.4, and 33.6 to 35.6 atomic percent of arsenic. Average compositions lead to the conclusion that the mineralization formed at temperatures of 460°C, 410° to 380°C and 565° to 510 °C, respectively. Oxygen isotope ratios for gold-bearing quartz veins in the area range from 13.6 to 19.2‰ for Deh Hosein, from 11.5 to 13.7‰ for Astaneh and from 11.6 to 15‰ (V-SMOW) for Nezam Abad. The oxygen isotope data suggest a metamorphic or a mixed magmatic-metamorphic source for the quartz veins. Measured sulfur isotope values for pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and arsenopyrite in quartz veins of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad range from -5.6 to 0‰, -0.5 to 1.8‰ and 1.2 to 4‰ (CDT), respectively. The sulfur-isotope values of all these occurrences are compatible with a magmatic sulfur source. Pb isotope ratios from the sulfide and host rock samples of the prospects indicate a good agreement between the lead ratios of the ore of Deh Hosein and the hosting meta-sandstone, the ore of Astaneh and the Shirmazd Stock and the ore of Nezam Abad and the hosting quartz diorite. The Pb isotope signatures of the ore from the three occurrences show also rather close ratios. According to the plumbotectonics model of Zartman and Doe (1981) the lead in the ores has a lower crustal Pb component. The studied occurrences share several similarities in terms of their mineralogy, geochemistry, formation temperatures, isotope ratios, alteration and occurrence of gold. They also indicate many similar features with the “intrusion-related gold systems” that have been described from Alaska, the Yukon and other parts of the world (e.g., Lang et al. 1997, 2000; McCoy et al. 1997; Thompson et al. 1999). According to the present data, it appears that a fertile magmatic source (probably of lower crustal origin) has affected the already present metamorphic rocks of the area (by remobilizing some of their elements) and caused a rather intensive gold mineralization in the area during the Pyrenean Orogeny. The extensive ancient mining relics at Deh Hosein, the simultaneous occurrence of tin and copper in it, together with frequent archaeological and ancient textual references which refer to the Iranian plateau as supplier of the raw material for the ancient Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran (Susa and Luristan) encouraged me to examine the possible relationship between the ore of this ancient mine and the ancient bronze artifacts. For this purpose, several bronze artifacts of typical Luristan style which date most probably to the Iranian Iron Age (from about 1300-1250 to 650 BCE) were investigated. The results were compared to the analyses of the Deh Hosein ore and other bronze artifacts previously published. Examination of 29 bronze artifacts from Luristan by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed that the Luristan bronzes show variable concentrations of As, Pb, Zn and Fe in addition to high concentrations of tin (0.48-15.4%). The ore composition of Deh Hosein is matched by several bronze artifacts from Luristan analyzed in this study as well as in previous investigations (Fleming et al. 2005). Even more noteworthy is the observation that the lead isotope ratios of the ore samples from Deh Hosein are in very good agreement with 25 samples of metal artifacts from Luristan and other bronze artifacts dated to the third millennium BCE from the southern Persian Gulf (Weeks 1999), the Aegean (Begemann et al. 1992), as well as from third millennium BCE sites in Luristan and Mesopotamia (Begemann & Schmitt-Strecker in preparation). At Deh Hosein, which is located at the western rim of the Luristan area and is close to ancient civilization centers of Susa and Mesopotamia, the ancient workings appear as numerous big ellipsoidal open depressions in two rows along the mineralized horizons. The old workings are up to 70 by 50m in size and up to 15m deep and are aligned over some 500m. Several hammer stones of silicified phyllite and granite, pottery shards and grinding stones have been found in the open-cast mines and adjacent ancient settlements. The pottery shards can be dated to the early first millennium BCE. Pieces of charcoal found in one of the diggings yielded a radiocarbon date of 3380 ± 55, which on calibration (2 sigma) results in an age range of 1775-1522 BCE. Several indications attest that Deh Hosein has been a major supplier of tin for ancient civilizations of Iran and Mesopotamia and perhaps even further west beginning in the third millennium BCE. In summary: i) The lead isotope compatibility of ores from Deh Hosein with many bronze artifacts from Bronze and Iron Age sites distributed from the southern Persian Gulf to the Aegean is good. ii) This is combined with a good match for trace element patterns of ores and artifacts. iii) Copper and tin occur within one mineralization. iv) Ancient textual references mention tin and bronze supply from regions east of Mesopotamia. v) The dating of surface finds of pottery and charcoal finally supports these findings. At present Deh Hosein is the only known copper-tin occurrence close to Luristan and Mesopotamia. The northern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone which is characterized by intrusion of several intrusive bodies in metamorphic terranes favors the occurrence of similar deposits as in the Astaneh-Sarband area. Thus, the prospects are good for further exploration in the region which may also reveal some other ancient mines. Close https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/48972 Close
8.		Nezafati, Nima; Pernicka, Ernst: The Smelters of Sialk, outcomes of the first stage of archaeometallurgical researches at Tappeh Sialk. In: Shahmirzadi, Sadegh Malek (Ed.): The Fishermen of Sialk Archaeological Report Monograph Series , pp. 79-102, Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, 2005. (Type: Book Chapter \| Links \| BibTeX) @inbook{nokey, title = {The Smelters of Sialk, outcomes of the first stage of archaeometallurgical researches at Tappeh Sialk}, author = {Nima Nezafati and Ernst Pernicka }, editor = {Sadegh Malek Shahmirzadi }, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.1.1895.0482}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-00-00}, booktitle = {The Fishermen of Sialk Archaeological Report Monograph Series }, issue = {7}, pages = {79-102}, publisher = {Iranian Center for Archaeological Research}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.1895.0482 Close
9.		Ladurner, Ulrich: Mullahs und Metallurgen. 2004. (Type: Miscellaneous \| Links \| BibTeX) @misc{nokey, title = {Mullahs und Metallurgen}, author = {Ulrich Ladurner }, url = {https://www.zeit.de/2004/08/A-Iran?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2F }, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Die Zeit}, number = {8}, pages = {31}, publisher = {Zeitverlag Gerd Bucerius GmbH & Co. KG}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } Close https://www.zeit.de/2004/08/A-Iran?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2F Close
10.		Hauptmann, Andreas; Rehren, Thilo; Schmitt-Strecker, Sigrid: Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy at Shahr-i Sokhta, reconsidered. In: Man and Mining - Mensch und Bergbau. Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber. Der Anschnitt, vol. Beih. 16, pp. 197-213, 2003. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX) @article{nokey, title = {Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy at Shahr-i Sokhta, reconsidered}, author = {Andreas Hauptmann and Thilo Rehren and Sigrid Schmitt-Strecker }, url = {https://www.academia.edu/4260702/Early_Bronze_Age_copper_metallurgy_at_Shahr_i_Sokhta_Iran_reconsidered_Hauptmann_et_al_2003_FS_Weisgerber_ }, year = {2003}, date = {2003-00-00}, journal = {Man and Mining - Mensch und Bergbau. Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber. Der Anschnitt}, volume = {Beih. 16}, pages = {197-213}, publisher = {Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum}, abstract = {Between 2700 and 2500 BC, mixed sulphidic and oxidic copper ores were brought to the urban site of Shahr-i Sokhta in eastern Iran to be smelted in crucibles. The main ore component to be extracted was copper oxide with remnants of copper sulphide, following the co-smelting process. No deliberate attempt was made to roast the copper sulphide in order to exploit its copper content. After the smelt, the entire charge, comprising metal, matte and slag, was poured or tapped from the crucibles into a separate receptacle, where the metal / matte melt separated underneath the slag. The separation of copper metal was improved by its interaction with low-melting copper sulphides. Detailed analyses of texture and phase content of the slag provide information on the cooling process and the origin of various inclusions. The role of iron arsenide (speiss) from the site is discussed in the context of early arsenical copper. Lead isotope ratios of archaeometallurgical finds offer proof of a common, though probably complex origin of ores, slag, matte and copper, and indicate a possible provenance of ores from the Iranian Malik-i Siah Mountains west of Shar-i Sokhta. Teh scale or production indicates a domestic type of industry, while the technology being used appears more developed than that used throughout the Middle East, and can be seen as the beginnings of full slagging operations.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close Between 2700 and 2500 BC, mixed sulphidic and oxidic copper ores were brought to the urban site of Shahr-i Sokhta in eastern Iran to be smelted in crucibles. The main ore component to be extracted was copper oxide with remnants of copper sulphide, following the co-smelting process. No deliberate attempt was made to roast the copper sulphide in order to exploit its copper content. After the smelt, the entire charge, comprising metal, matte and slag, was poured or tapped from the crucibles into a separate receptacle, where the metal / matte melt separated underneath the slag. The separation of copper metal was improved by its interaction with low-melting copper sulphides. Detailed analyses of texture and phase content of the slag provide information on the cooling process and the origin of various inclusions. The role of iron arsenide (speiss) from the site is discussed in the context of early arsenical copper. Lead isotope ratios of archaeometallurgical finds offer proof of a common, though probably complex origin of ores, slag, matte and copper, and indicate a possible provenance of ores from the Iranian Malik-i Siah Mountains west of Shar-i Sokhta. Teh scale or production indicates a domestic type of industry, while the technology being used appears more developed than that used throughout the Middle East, and can be seen as the beginnings of full slagging operations. Close https://www.academia.edu/4260702/Early_Bronze_Age_copper_metallurgy_at_Shahr_i_S[...] Close
11.		Pigott, Vincent Charles; Lechtman, Heather: Chalcolithic copper-base metallurgy on the Iranian plateau: a new look at old evidence from Tal-i lblis. In: Potts, Timothy; Roaf, Michael; Stein, Diana (Ed.): Culture through Objects. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of P.R.S. Moorey , pp. 291-312, Peeters, 2003, ISBN: 9780900416798. (Type: Book Chapter \| Links \| BibTeX) @inbook{nokey, title = {Chalcolithic copper-base metallurgy on the Iranian plateau: a new look at old evidence from Tal-i lblis}, author = {Vincent Charles Pigott and Heather Lechtman }, editor = {Timothy Potts and Michael Roaf and Diana Stein }, url = {https://www.peeters-leuven.be/detail.php?search_key=9780900416798&series_number_str=0&lang=en}, isbn = {9780900416798}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-00-00}, booktitle = {Culture through Objects. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of P.R.S. Moorey }, pages = {291-312}, publisher = {Peeters}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close https://www.peeters-leuven.be/detail.php?search_key=9780900416798&series_num[...] Close
12.		Rastadt, E.; Miralipour, A. Monazami; Momenzadeh, M.: Sheikh-Ali Copper Deposit, a Cypurs-Type VMS Deposit Southeast Iran (Manuskript). In: Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, vol. 13, iss. 1, no. 1, pp. 51-63, 2002, ISSN: 1016-1104. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX) @article{nokey, title = {Sheikh-Ali Copper Deposit, a Cypurs-Type VMS Deposit Southeast Iran (Manuskript)}, author = {E. Rastadt and A. Monazami Miralipour and M. Momenzadeh }, url = {https://journal.ut.ac.ir/article_31754_febc650b98d1e09e80d49b5f408c2e9f.pdf}, issn = {1016-1104}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-00-00}, urldate = {2002-00-00}, journal = {Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, issue = {1}, pages = {51-63}, publisher = {National Center For Scientific Research}, abstract = {Sheikh-Ali copper deposit is located 300 km southeast Kennan in southeastem part of the Zagros ophiolite belt. The country rocks are volcano-sedimentary sequence of Upper Cretaceous in age. The rock units consist of pillow basalt lava, diabase, pelagic limestone, radiolarian chert and calcareous sandstone. These units locally have an eastwest trend and are emplaced between serpentinites and ultrabasics through a fault contact. The ore-bearing exhalative silicic horizon was deposited stratiformly at the contact between pillow lavas and pelagic limestones. Chloritic and propylitic alterations can be seen in the surrounding rocks. The geometry of ore is lenticular and the lenses are conformable with the pelagic limestones, as well as pillow basalt lavas. The mineral paragenesis includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, specularite, chert and calcite. The ore textures are massive, laminar, colloform, disseminated and rarely veinlets. Geochemical studies show excellent correlation between Cu and Zn in different part of the ore body. Furthermore, the REE pattems are similar in both the pillow basalts and the ore body. Geological, lithological, ore paragenesis and geochemical studies suggest that the deposit can be introduced as a Cyprus-type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, resulted from exhalatives and submarine volcanic fumarols, synchroneous with the formation of country rocks. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close Sheikh-Ali copper deposit is located 300 km southeast Kennan in southeastem part of the Zagros ophiolite belt. The country rocks are volcano-sedimentary sequence of Upper Cretaceous in age. The rock units consist of pillow basalt lava, diabase, pelagic limestone, radiolarian chert and calcareous sandstone. These units locally have an eastwest trend and are emplaced between serpentinites and ultrabasics through a fault contact. The ore-bearing exhalative silicic horizon was deposited stratiformly at the contact between pillow lavas and pelagic limestones. Chloritic and propylitic alterations can be seen in the surrounding rocks. The geometry of ore is lenticular and the lenses are conformable with the pelagic limestones, as well as pillow basalt lavas. The mineral paragenesis includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, specularite, chert and calcite. The ore textures are massive, laminar, colloform, disseminated and rarely veinlets. Geochemical studies show excellent correlation between Cu and Zn in different part of the ore body. Furthermore, the REE pattems are similar in both the pillow basalts and the ore body. Geological, lithological, ore paragenesis and geochemical studies suggest that the deposit can be introduced as a Cyprus-type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, resulted from exhalatives and submarine volcanic fumarols, synchroneous with the formation of country rocks. Close https://journal.ut.ac.ir/article_31754_febc650b98d1e09e80d49b5f408c2e9f.pdf Close
13.		Stöllner, Thomas; Weisgerber, Gerd: Preliminary report on archaeometallurgical investigations around the prehistoric site of Arisman. In: Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, vol. 32, pp. 281-318, 2000. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX) @article{nokey, title = {Preliminary report on archaeometallurgical investigations around the prehistoric site of Arisman}, author = {Thomas Stöllner and Gerd Weisgerber}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321155006_Preliminary_report_on_archaeometallurgical_investigations_around_the_prehistoric_site_of_Arisman_near_Kashan_western_Central_Iran}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan}, volume = {32}, pages = {281-318}, publisher = {Reimer}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321155006_Preliminary_report_on_archaeo[...] Close
14.		Vatandoust, Abdolrasool: International Symposium on Archaeometallurgy in Central and Western Asia. Research Centre for Conservation of Cultural Relics, 1997. (Type: Book \| BibTeX) @book{nokey, title = {International Symposium on Archaeometallurgy in Central and Western Asia}, author = {Abdolrasool Vatandoust }, year = {1997}, date = {1997-00-00}, booktitle = {Schedule & Information}, publisher = {Research Centre for Conservation of Cultural Relics}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {book} } Close
15.		Hezarkhani, Zahra; Keesmann, Ingo: Archäometallurgische Untersuchungen an Kupferschlacken im Zentraliran. In: Metalla, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 101-125, 1996. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX) @article{nokey, title = {Archäometallurgische Untersuchungen an Kupferschlacken im Zentraliran}, author = {Zahra Hezarkhani and Ingo Keesmann }, year = {1996}, date = {1996-00-00}, journal = {Metalla}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {101-125}, publisher = {Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
16.		Bagherzadeh, C.; Hezarkhani, Zahra; Keesmann, I.; Kronz, A.; Sohni, A.: Archäometallurgie von Anarak-Maaden-e-Nakhlak. In: Berichte der Deutschen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft, Beiheft zu Euro. Jour. of Mineralogy, vol. 6, pp. 12, 1994. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX) @article{nokey, title = {Archäometallurgie von Anarak-Maaden-e-Nakhlak}, author = {C. Bagherzadeh and Zahra Hezarkhani and I. Keesmann and A. Kronz and A. Sohni }, year = {1994}, date = {1994-00-00}, journal = {Berichte der Deutschen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft, Beiheft zu Euro. Jour. of Mineralogy}, volume = {6}, pages = {12}, publisher = {Schweizerbart}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
17.		Hakemi, Ali: The Copper Smelting Furnaces of the Bronze Age in Shahdad. In: South Asian archaeology 1989 : papers from the Tenth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Musée National des Arts Asiatiques - Guimet, Paris, France, 3-7 July, 1989 , pp. 119-132, Prehistory Press, 1992. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX) @inbook{nokey, title = {The Copper Smelting Furnaces of the Bronze Age in Shahdad}, author = {Ali Hakemi }, year = {1992}, date = {1992-00-00}, booktitle = {South Asian archaeology 1989 : papers from the Tenth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Musée National des Arts Asiatiques - Guimet, Paris, France, 3-7 July, 1989 }, pages = {119-132}, publisher = {Prehistory Press}, series = {Monographs in world archaeology}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
18.		Malfoy, Jean-Michel; Menu, Michel: Les armes : La guerre et la chasse [excerpts]. In: Tallon, Françoise; Jean-Michel Malfoy,; Menu, Michel (Ed.): Metallurgie Susienne I. De la fondation de Suse au XVIIIe avant J.-C. , vol. 1, Ministère de la culture et de la communication, Paris, 1987, ISBN: 2711820688. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX) @inbook{nokey, title = {Les armes : La guerre et la chasse [excerpts]}, author = {Jean-Michel Malfoy and Michel Menu }, editor = {Françoise Tallon and Jean-Michel Malfoy, and Michel Menu}, isbn = {2711820688}, year = {1987}, date = {1987-00-00}, booktitle = {Metallurgie Susienne I. De la fondation de Suse au XVIIIe avant J.-C. }, volume = {1}, publisher = {Ministère de la culture et de la communication}, address = {Paris}, series = {Notes et documents des musées de France 15}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
19.		Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart: Archaeology and Pre-Achaemenid Metalworking in Iran: A Fifteen Year Retrospective. In: Iran, vol. 20, pp. 81-101, 1982. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX) @article{nokey, title = {Archaeology and Pre-Achaemenid Metalworking in Iran: A Fifteen Year Retrospective}, author = {Peter Roger Stuart Moorey }, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299723 }, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4299723}, year = {1982}, date = {1982-00-00}, journal = {Iran}, volume = {20}, pages = {81-101}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299723 doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/4299723 Close
20.		Pigott, Vincent Charles; Howard, Susan M.; Epstein, Stephen Matheson: Pyrotechnology and culture change at bronze age Tepe Hissar, Iran. In: Wertime, Theodore A. (Ed.): Early pyrotechnology : the evolution of the first fire-using industries , pp. 215-236, Smithsonian Institution, 1982. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX) @inbook{nokey, title = {Pyrotechnology and culture change at bronze age Tepe Hissar, Iran}, author = {Vincent Charles Pigott and Susan M. Howard and Stephen Matheson Epstein }, editor = {Theodore A. Wertime}, year = {1982}, date = {1982-00-00}, booktitle = {Early pyrotechnology : the evolution of the first fire-using industries }, pages = {215-236}, publisher = {Smithsonian Institution}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close

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2021
	Soltani, Anise Nejad; Maziar, Sepideh; Mortazavi, Mohammad: Scientific Investigation On a Copper-Based Pin from Köhn Pāsga Tepesi in the Province of Eastern Azerbaijan (Iran). In: Laflı, Ergün (Ed.): Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Bronzes from Anatolia and Neighbouring Regions, pp. 305-309, BAR Publishing, Oxford, 2021. (Type: Book Chapter \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base, East Azerbaijan) @inbook{nokey, title = {Scientific Investigation On a Copper-Based Pin from Köhn Pāsga Tepesi in the Province of Eastern Azerbaijan (Iran)}, author = {Anise Nejad Soltani and Sepideh Maziar and Mohammad Mortazavi}, editor = {Ergün Laflı}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354403320_2021_Scientific_investigation_on_a_copper-based_pin_from_Kohne_Pasgah_Tepesi_in_the_province_of_Eastern_Azerbaijan_Iran}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-00-00}, urldate = {2021-00-00}, booktitle = {Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Bronzes from Anatolia and Neighbouring Regions}, pages = {305-309}, publisher = {BAR Publishing}, address = {Oxford}, series = {BAR international series 3038}, abstract = {In this paper a copper-based pin found in Köhné Pāsgāh Tepesi excavations has been investigated. This archaeological site is located between the villages of Máfrüzlü and Shoja'lu, and is part of the administrative district of Káleybár district, in East Azerbaijan province, Iran. It is located on the south bank of the Araxes valley in the Khodääfarin area. The site is one of several sites that will be submerged by the Khodääfarin dam project.The pin has been thoroughly examined in an attempt to find more about the elements used in the alloys' composition and the manufacturing methods of this object. The analytical methods used include ICP, SEM-EDX and metallography. According to the analytical data, an arsenic-copper alloy has been used to make this object with arsenic content about 3%. The metallographic studies showed banded microstructure evident chemical segregation, but also implied cold working used effectively to manufacture the pin.}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base, East Azerbaijan}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close In this paper a copper-based pin found in Köhné Pāsgāh Tepesi excavations has been investigated. This archaeological site is located between the villages of Máfrüzlü and Shoja'lu, and is part of the administrative district of Káleybár district, in East Azerbaijan province, Iran. It is located on the south bank of the Araxes valley in the Khodääfarin area. The site is one of several sites that will be submerged by the Khodääfarin dam project.The pin has been thoroughly examined in an attempt to find more about the elements used in the alloys' composition and the manufacturing methods of this object. The analytical methods used include ICP, SEM-EDX and metallography. According to the analytical data, an arsenic-copper alloy has been used to make this object with arsenic content about 3%. The metallographic studies showed banded microstructure evident chemical segregation, but also implied cold working used effectively to manufacture the pin. Close https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354403320_2021_Scientific_investigation[...] Close
2011
	Amini, Sarem: Investigations at "Chakherbaz Holes", Kurdistan, Iran: A Possible Ancient Mining/Metallurgical Site. 2011. (Type: Working paper \| Abstract \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Mining) @workingpaper{nokey, title = {Investigations at "Chakherbaz Holes", Kurdistan, Iran: A Possible Ancient Mining/Metallurgical Site}, author = {Sarem Amini }, year = {2011}, date = {2011-00-00}, urldate = {2011-00-00}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran}, abstract = {The "Chakherbaz suspected Hole" in western Iran, Kurdistan, was investigated to unravel its mystery of origin. This led to the discovery of some materials, including metal-bearing slag fragments and some partially oxidized iron grains within the soils covering the inside and outside surfaces of the hole which indicate possible metallurgical or smithing practices at the site. The nature of the slag materials found suggest iron smelting; although indications of copper mineralization and the presence of chalcopyrite grains within the slag fragments equally present evidences for copper metallurgy. This seems to have implications for the origin of the holes which are thought to be abandoned surface mines. This notion is further supported by the discovery of pottery in the fill materials and lithics suspected to be ancient stone mining tools. }, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Mining}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {workingpaper} } Close The "Chakherbaz suspected Hole" in western Iran, Kurdistan, was investigated to unravel its mystery of origin. This led to the discovery of some materials, including metal-bearing slag fragments and some partially oxidized iron grains within the soils covering the inside and outside surfaces of the hole which indicate possible metallurgical or smithing practices at the site. The nature of the slag materials found suggest iron smelting; although indications of copper mineralization and the presence of chalcopyrite grains within the slag fragments equally present evidences for copper metallurgy. This seems to have implications for the origin of the holes which are thought to be abandoned surface mines. This notion is further supported by the discovery of pottery in the fill materials and lithics suspected to be ancient stone mining tools. Close
2009
	Thornton, Christopher P.; Rehren, Thilo; Pigott, Vincent Charles: The production of speiss (iron arsenide) during the Early Bronze Age in Iran. In: Journal of Archaeological Science, iss. 36, no. 2, pp. 308-316, 2009. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age) @article{nokey, title = {The production of speiss (iron arsenide) during the Early Bronze Age in Iran}, author = {Christopher P. Thornton and Thilo Rehren and Vincent Charles Pigott}, doi = {10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.017}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, urldate = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science}, number = {2}, issue = {36}, pages = {308-316}, publisher = {Academic Press}, abstract = {In this paper, analyses of some unusual slag samples from the prehistoric site of Tepe Hissar in northeastern Iran are presented. These slags are the remains of a five-thousand-year-old pyrotechnological process that produced speiss, a quasi-metallic material usually formed as an accidental by-product of copper or lead smelting. We argue that the "speiss slags" from Tepe Hissar suggest the intentional production of iron-arsenic alloy ("speiss") in prehistory. Why the Tepe Hissar metalworkers produced speiss is a question that requires further investigation, but our preliminary assessment suggests that it was to provide arsenic as an alloying component for arsenical copper, the preferred copper alloy during much of the Early Bronze Age in Iran, and widely used across the ancient world. This recognition significantly advances our understanding of the early stages of metallurgy in the Old World.}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close In this paper, analyses of some unusual slag samples from the prehistoric site of Tepe Hissar in northeastern Iran are presented. These slags are the remains of a five-thousand-year-old pyrotechnological process that produced speiss, a quasi-metallic material usually formed as an accidental by-product of copper or lead smelting. We argue that the "speiss slags" from Tepe Hissar suggest the intentional production of iron-arsenic alloy ("speiss") in prehistory. Why the Tepe Hissar metalworkers produced speiss is a question that requires further investigation, but our preliminary assessment suggests that it was to provide arsenic as an alloying component for arsenical copper, the preferred copper alloy during much of the Early Bronze Age in Iran, and widely used across the ancient world. This recognition significantly advances our understanding of the early stages of metallurgy in the Old World. Close doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.017 Close
2008
	Begemann, Friedrich; Haerinck, Ernie; Overlaet, B.; Schmitt-Strecker, Sigrid; Tallon, François: An Archaeo-Metallurgical Study of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Luristan, Iran. In: Iranica Antiqua, vol. 43, pp. 1-34, 2008. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Bronze Age, Copper, copper base) @article{nokey, title = {An Archaeo-Metallurgical Study of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Luristan, Iran}, author = {Friedrich Begemann and Ernie Haerinck and B. Overlaet and Sigrid Schmitt-Strecker and François Tallon }, doi = {10.2143/IA.43.0.2024041}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, urldate = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Iranica Antiqua}, volume = {43}, pages = {1-34}, publisher = {Peeters}, abstract = {Copper-base artefacts from Bronze Age Luristan have been analysed for their chemical composition and the isotopic composition of their lead. We find no significant systematic differences between a group of objects recovered in the Pusht-i Kuh region in the course of controlled excavations during the Belgian Archaeological Mission in Iran (BAMI) and a second group of artefacts from the Louvre Museum which were acquired on the art market. According to these material features the objects from the art market are made of genuine "Luristan" metal which does not exclude the possibility that the artefacts are recent forgeries made of "old" metal. The data suggest a large fraction of the artefacts, copper and bronze, to derive from copper ores as they are available in the eastern part of the central Zagros Mountains from where also tin ores have been reported. Bronzes with high 206Pb-normalized abundance ratios, conspicuous in contemporary Mesopotamia, are missing in Luristan. We have no satisfactory explanation to offer why the manifold cultural and material connections between Mesopotamia and Luristan should have excluded the trade in bronzes with such exceptional lead isotopy. }, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Bronze Age, Copper, copper base}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close Copper-base artefacts from Bronze Age Luristan have been analysed for their chemical composition and the isotopic composition of their lead. We find no significant systematic differences between a group of objects recovered in the Pusht-i Kuh region in the course of controlled excavations during the Belgian Archaeological Mission in Iran (BAMI) and a second group of artefacts from the Louvre Museum which were acquired on the art market. According to these material features the objects from the art market are made of genuine "Luristan" metal which does not exclude the possibility that the artefacts are recent forgeries made of "old" metal. The data suggest a large fraction of the artefacts, copper and bronze, to derive from copper ores as they are available in the eastern part of the central Zagros Mountains from where also tin ores have been reported. Bronzes with high 206Pb-normalized abundance ratios, conspicuous in contemporary Mesopotamia, are missing in Luristan. We have no satisfactory explanation to offer why the manifold cultural and material connections between Mesopotamia and Luristan should have excluded the trade in bronzes with such exceptional lead isotopy. Close doi:10.2143/IA.43.0.2024041 Close
2007
	Thornton, Christopher P.; Rehren, Th.: Report of the first Iranian prehistoric slag workshop. In: Iran, vol. 45, pp. 315-318, 2007. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Report of the first Iranian prehistoric slag workshop}, author = {Christopher P. Thornton and Th. Rehren }, doi = {10.1080/05786967.2007.11869198}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Iran}, volume = {45}, pages = {315-318}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, abstract = {"In December of 2006, a small workshop was held at the UCL Institute of Archaeology to bring together established and emerging scholars currently working on ancient Iranian metallurgy, most especially those focused on the production debris (i.e., slag, furnace lining, etc.). This paper presents a summary of that meeting in order to introduce these scholars to the wider archaeological audience, and to provide a basic idea of the sorts of questions being asked of, and the answers being received from, current scientific studies of these materials." }, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close "In December of 2006, a small workshop was held at the UCL Institute of Archaeology to bring together established and emerging scholars currently working on ancient Iranian metallurgy, most especially those focused on the production debris (i.e., slag, furnace lining, etc.). This paper presents a summary of that meeting in order to introduce these scholars to the wider archaeological audience, and to provide a basic idea of the sorts of questions being asked of, and the answers being received from, current scientific studies of these materials." Close doi:10.1080/05786967.2007.11869198 Close
2006
	Nezafati, Nima; Pernicka, Ernst; Momenzadeh, Morteza: Ancient tin: Old question and a new answer. In: Antiquity, vol. 80, iss. 308, pp. 1-5, 2006. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Tin) @article{nokey, title = {Ancient tin: Old question and a new answer}, author = {Nima Nezafati and Ernst Pernicka and Morteza Momenzadeh }, url = {https://www.academia.edu/17063293/Ancient_tin_Old_question_and_a_new_answer}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-06-01}, journal = {Antiquity}, volume = {80}, issue = {308}, pages = {1-5}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Tin}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close https://www.academia.edu/17063293/Ancient_tin_Old_question_and_a_new_answer Close
	Nezafati, Nima: Au-Sn-W-Cu-Mineralization in the Astaneh-Sarband Area, West Central Iran: including a comparison of the ores with ancient bronze artifacts from Western Asia. 2006. (Type: PhD Thesis \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze) @phdthesis{nokey, title = {Au-Sn-W-Cu-Mineralization in the Astaneh-Sarband Area, West Central Iran: including a comparison of the ores with ancient bronze artifacts from Western Asia}, author = {Nima Nezafati }, url = {https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/48972 }, year = {2006}, date = {2006-00-00}, publisher = {Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen}, abstract = {The present study deals with two primary aims; (1) geological, mineralogical, and geochemical investigations of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh, and Nezam Abad mineralizations in the Astaneh-Sarband area, west central Iran, with the aim to understand the characteristics of the occurrences and their conditions of formation, and (2) geochemical investigations on ancient bronze artifacts from Iran and Western Asia in order to compare their characteristics with the high-tin copper ore of Deh Hosein and examine their possible relationship. The Astaneh-Sarband area is located in the northern part of the NW-SE aligned Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt and consists mainly of Mesozoic schists, Middle Jurassic to Middle Tertiary intrusive rocks and related contact metamorphic aureoles, and pegmatites. Regional metamorphism in the area has reached a peak of greenschist facies, but further metamorphism has occurred locally, associated with granitoid emplacement. Magmatism has produced large felsic to intermediate intrusive bodies along a general northwest trend. The main trend of the faults, fractures and other structural features of the area is NW-SE. The Deh Hosein prospect is mainly hosted by Jurassic meta-sedimentary rocks, which have been intruded by the Astaneh complex. Mineralization continues into the southern part of the Astaneh intrusion. The meta-sedimentary rocks consist of alternating meta-sandstone, phyllite, schist, spotted slate and hornfels. The main faults and other structural features, with NW and NE trends, have controlled the mineralization, which occurs in the form of quartz, quartz-sulfide and quartz-gossan veins and veinlets, partly sheeted in structure. These veins are up to 1.5 m wide and several to tens of meters long. Mineralization also occurs as disseminations and impregnations, especially in the vein selvages. Adjacent to and within zones of intense quartz veining, the predominant alteration assemblage is quartz + sericite + tourmaline + monazite. Some 35 metalliferous minerals have been detected at Deh Hosein. Arsenopyrite is the dominant sulfide mineral, with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite > pyrite > pyrrhotite. Cassiterite and ferberite are the rather abundant oxide minerals. The sulfide content in the ore is generally less than two volume percent. Arsenopyrite associated with early alteration and veining typically contains 1-150µm large inclusions of native bismuth, bismite and bismuthinite. Gold occurs in “invisible” form in the arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals of Deh Hosein. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA in the ore ranged from 0.05 to 13.3 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 10%, 6.7%, 2420ppm, and 1800ppm, respectively. At Astaneh, gold mineralization is confined to the NW-SE trending Astaneh intrusion that is composed mainly of biotite granite (98.9 ± 1.0 Ma; Masoudi 1997), which is locally accompanied by granodiorite, tourmaline granite and quartz diorite. The northeastern part of the Astaneh intrusion has been cut by the Shirmazd granodiorite. This stock is about 400 m in diameter and Eocene in age (Rb/Sr and single zircon evaporation methods, this study). The Shirmazd granodiorite has been cut by NE-trending microgranodiorite dykes. Gold mineralization occurs mainly as NE-trending quartz- and quartz-sulfide veins and veinlets, as well as in disseminations in the Shirmazd stock and the intersecting microgranodiorite dykes, and in some nearby, smaller, altered granitic stocks. Alteration minerals include sericite, chlorite, quartz, calcite and in some cases kaolinite. At Astaneh chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite are the major sulfide minerals, of which the latter contains 1-50 µm sized inclusions of native bismuth and bismite. Gold occurs in both visible and invisible forms at Astaneh. Visible gold has been reported in the form of very fine grained particles (<15 µm) either in goethite produced from the oxidation of chalcopyrite or in sericitized plagioclase (Hashemi 2002), while invisible gold occurs in arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 9.5 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 1%, 0.05%, 100 ppm and 138ppm, respectively. The Nezam Abad mineralization is hosted by a Lower-Mid Eocene quartz diorite unit. This rock unit has been cut by several aplitic and quartz or quartz-tourmaline veins; the latter host the mineralization. The faults of the area are NW-, NE- and N-trending. Associated alteration minerals include quartz, chlorite, sericite, and tourmaline. At Nezam Abad, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and scheelite are the most abundant ore minerals. Gold occurs as “invisible” form predominantly in arsenopyrite with bismuth inclusions at Nezam Abad. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 36.2 ppm while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to %10, %0.87, %3.37 and 548ppm, respectively (Farhadian 1999). In all three occurrences, gold shows positive correlations with arsenic, bismuth, selenium, silver, tellurium and antimony. Microprobe investigations revealed that the arsenopyrites from Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad contain 32.3 to 34.3, 30.7 to 31.4, and 33.6 to 35.6 atomic percent of arsenic. Average compositions lead to the conclusion that the mineralization formed at temperatures of 460°C, 410° to 380°C and 565° to 510 °C, respectively. Oxygen isotope ratios for gold-bearing quartz veins in the area range from 13.6 to 19.2‰ for Deh Hosein, from 11.5 to 13.7‰ for Astaneh and from 11.6 to 15‰ (V-SMOW) for Nezam Abad. The oxygen isotope data suggest a metamorphic or a mixed magmatic-metamorphic source for the quartz veins. Measured sulfur isotope values for pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and arsenopyrite in quartz veins of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad range from -5.6 to 0‰, -0.5 to 1.8‰ and 1.2 to 4‰ (CDT), respectively. The sulfur-isotope values of all these occurrences are compatible with a magmatic sulfur source. Pb isotope ratios from the sulfide and host rock samples of the prospects indicate a good agreement between the lead ratios of the ore of Deh Hosein and the hosting meta-sandstone, the ore of Astaneh and the Shirmazd Stock and the ore of Nezam Abad and the hosting quartz diorite. The Pb isotope signatures of the ore from the three occurrences show also rather close ratios. According to the plumbotectonics model of Zartman and Doe (1981) the lead in the ores has a lower crustal Pb component. The studied occurrences share several similarities in terms of their mineralogy, geochemistry, formation temperatures, isotope ratios, alteration and occurrence of gold. They also indicate many similar features with the “intrusion-related gold systems” that have been described from Alaska, the Yukon and other parts of the world (e.g., Lang et al. 1997, 2000; McCoy et al. 1997; Thompson et al. 1999). According to the present data, it appears that a fertile magmatic source (probably of lower crustal origin) has affected the already present metamorphic rocks of the area (by remobilizing some of their elements) and caused a rather intensive gold mineralization in the area during the Pyrenean Orogeny. The extensive ancient mining relics at Deh Hosein, the simultaneous occurrence of tin and copper in it, together with frequent archaeological and ancient textual references which refer to the Iranian plateau as supplier of the raw material for the ancient Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran (Susa and Luristan) encouraged me to examine the possible relationship between the ore of this ancient mine and the ancient bronze artifacts. For this purpose, several bronze artifacts of typical Luristan style which date most probably to the Iranian Iron Age (from about 1300-1250 to 650 BCE) were investigated. The results were compared to the analyses of the Deh Hosein ore and other bronze artifacts previously published. Examination of 29 bronze artifacts from Luristan by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed that the Luristan bronzes show variable concentrations of As, Pb, Zn and Fe in addition to high concentrations of tin (0.48-15.4%). The ore composition of Deh Hosein is matched by several bronze artifacts from Luristan analyzed in this study as well as in previous investigations (Fleming et al. 2005). Even more noteworthy is the observation that the lead isotope ratios of the ore samples from Deh Hosein are in very good agreement with 25 samples of metal artifacts from Luristan and other bronze artifacts dated to the third millennium BCE from the southern Persian Gulf (Weeks 1999), the Aegean (Begemann et al. 1992), as well as from third millennium BCE sites in Luristan and Mesopotamia (Begemann & Schmitt-Strecker in preparation). At Deh Hosein, which is located at the western rim of the Luristan area and is close to ancient civilization centers of Susa and Mesopotamia, the ancient workings appear as numerous big ellipsoidal open depressions in two rows along the mineralized horizons. The old workings are up to 70 by 50m in size and up to 15m deep and are aligned over some 500m. Several hammer stones of silicified phyllite and granite, pottery shards and grinding stones have been found in the open-cast mines and adjacent ancient settlements. The pottery shards can be dated to the early first millennium BCE. Pieces of charcoal found in one of the diggings yielded a radiocarbon date of 3380 ± 55, which on calibration (2 sigma) results in an age range of 1775-1522 BCE. Several indications attest that Deh Hosein has been a major supplier of tin for ancient civilizations of Iran and Mesopotamia and perhaps even further west beginning in the third millennium BCE. In summary: i) The lead isotope compatibility of ores from Deh Hosein with many bronze artifacts from Bronze and Iron Age sites distributed from the southern Persian Gulf to the Aegean is good. ii) This is combined with a good match for trace element patterns of ores and artifacts. iii) Copper and tin occur within one mineralization. iv) Ancient textual references mention tin and bronze supply from regions east of Mesopotamia. v) The dating of surface finds of pottery and charcoal finally supports these findings. At present Deh Hosein is the only known copper-tin occurrence close to Luristan and Mesopotamia. The northern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone which is characterized by intrusion of several intrusive bodies in metamorphic terranes favors the occurrence of similar deposits as in the Astaneh-Sarband area. Thus, the prospects are good for further exploration in the region which may also reveal some other ancient mines. }, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {phdthesis} } Close The present study deals with two primary aims; (1) geological, mineralogical, and geochemical investigations of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh, and Nezam Abad mineralizations in the Astaneh-Sarband area, west central Iran, with the aim to understand the characteristics of the occurrences and their conditions of formation, and (2) geochemical investigations on ancient bronze artifacts from Iran and Western Asia in order to compare their characteristics with the high-tin copper ore of Deh Hosein and examine their possible relationship. The Astaneh-Sarband area is located in the northern part of the NW-SE aligned Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt and consists mainly of Mesozoic schists, Middle Jurassic to Middle Tertiary intrusive rocks and related contact metamorphic aureoles, and pegmatites. Regional metamorphism in the area has reached a peak of greenschist facies, but further metamorphism has occurred locally, associated with granitoid emplacement. Magmatism has produced large felsic to intermediate intrusive bodies along a general northwest trend. The main trend of the faults, fractures and other structural features of the area is NW-SE. The Deh Hosein prospect is mainly hosted by Jurassic meta-sedimentary rocks, which have been intruded by the Astaneh complex. Mineralization continues into the southern part of the Astaneh intrusion. The meta-sedimentary rocks consist of alternating meta-sandstone, phyllite, schist, spotted slate and hornfels. The main faults and other structural features, with NW and NE trends, have controlled the mineralization, which occurs in the form of quartz, quartz-sulfide and quartz-gossan veins and veinlets, partly sheeted in structure. These veins are up to 1.5 m wide and several to tens of meters long. Mineralization also occurs as disseminations and impregnations, especially in the vein selvages. Adjacent to and within zones of intense quartz veining, the predominant alteration assemblage is quartz + sericite + tourmaline + monazite. Some 35 metalliferous minerals have been detected at Deh Hosein. Arsenopyrite is the dominant sulfide mineral, with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite > pyrite > pyrrhotite. Cassiterite and ferberite are the rather abundant oxide minerals. The sulfide content in the ore is generally less than two volume percent. Arsenopyrite associated with early alteration and veining typically contains 1-150µm large inclusions of native bismuth, bismite and bismuthinite. Gold occurs in “invisible” form in the arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals of Deh Hosein. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA in the ore ranged from 0.05 to 13.3 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 10%, 6.7%, 2420ppm, and 1800ppm, respectively. At Astaneh, gold mineralization is confined to the NW-SE trending Astaneh intrusion that is composed mainly of biotite granite (98.9 ± 1.0 Ma; Masoudi 1997), which is locally accompanied by granodiorite, tourmaline granite and quartz diorite. The northeastern part of the Astaneh intrusion has been cut by the Shirmazd granodiorite. This stock is about 400 m in diameter and Eocene in age (Rb/Sr and single zircon evaporation methods, this study). The Shirmazd granodiorite has been cut by NE-trending microgranodiorite dykes. Gold mineralization occurs mainly as NE-trending quartz- and quartz-sulfide veins and veinlets, as well as in disseminations in the Shirmazd stock and the intersecting microgranodiorite dykes, and in some nearby, smaller, altered granitic stocks. Alteration minerals include sericite, chlorite, quartz, calcite and in some cases kaolinite. At Astaneh chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite are the major sulfide minerals, of which the latter contains 1-50 µm sized inclusions of native bismuth and bismite. Gold occurs in both visible and invisible forms at Astaneh. Visible gold has been reported in the form of very fine grained particles (<15 µm) either in goethite produced from the oxidation of chalcopyrite or in sericitized plagioclase (Hashemi 2002), while invisible gold occurs in arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 9.5 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 1%, 0.05%, 100 ppm and 138ppm, respectively. The Nezam Abad mineralization is hosted by a Lower-Mid Eocene quartz diorite unit. This rock unit has been cut by several aplitic and quartz or quartz-tourmaline veins; the latter host the mineralization. The faults of the area are NW-, NE- and N-trending. Associated alteration minerals include quartz, chlorite, sericite, and tourmaline. At Nezam Abad, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and scheelite are the most abundant ore minerals. Gold occurs as “invisible” form predominantly in arsenopyrite with bismuth inclusions at Nezam Abad. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 36.2 ppm while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to %10, %0.87, %3.37 and 548ppm, respectively (Farhadian 1999). In all three occurrences, gold shows positive correlations with arsenic, bismuth, selenium, silver, tellurium and antimony. Microprobe investigations revealed that the arsenopyrites from Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad contain 32.3 to 34.3, 30.7 to 31.4, and 33.6 to 35.6 atomic percent of arsenic. Average compositions lead to the conclusion that the mineralization formed at temperatures of 460°C, 410° to 380°C and 565° to 510 °C, respectively. Oxygen isotope ratios for gold-bearing quartz veins in the area range from 13.6 to 19.2‰ for Deh Hosein, from 11.5 to 13.7‰ for Astaneh and from 11.6 to 15‰ (V-SMOW) for Nezam Abad. The oxygen isotope data suggest a metamorphic or a mixed magmatic-metamorphic source for the quartz veins. Measured sulfur isotope values for pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and arsenopyrite in quartz veins of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad range from -5.6 to 0‰, -0.5 to 1.8‰ and 1.2 to 4‰ (CDT), respectively. The sulfur-isotope values of all these occurrences are compatible with a magmatic sulfur source. Pb isotope ratios from the sulfide and host rock samples of the prospects indicate a good agreement between the lead ratios of the ore of Deh Hosein and the hosting meta-sandstone, the ore of Astaneh and the Shirmazd Stock and the ore of Nezam Abad and the hosting quartz diorite. The Pb isotope signatures of the ore from the three occurrences show also rather close ratios. According to the plumbotectonics model of Zartman and Doe (1981) the lead in the ores has a lower crustal Pb component. The studied occurrences share several similarities in terms of their mineralogy, geochemistry, formation temperatures, isotope ratios, alteration and occurrence of gold. They also indicate many similar features with the “intrusion-related gold systems” that have been described from Alaska, the Yukon and other parts of the world (e.g., Lang et al. 1997, 2000; McCoy et al. 1997; Thompson et al. 1999). According to the present data, it appears that a fertile magmatic source (probably of lower crustal origin) has affected the already present metamorphic rocks of the area (by remobilizing some of their elements) and caused a rather intensive gold mineralization in the area during the Pyrenean Orogeny. The extensive ancient mining relics at Deh Hosein, the simultaneous occurrence of tin and copper in it, together with frequent archaeological and ancient textual references which refer to the Iranian plateau as supplier of the raw material for the ancient Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran (Susa and Luristan) encouraged me to examine the possible relationship between the ore of this ancient mine and the ancient bronze artifacts. For this purpose, several bronze artifacts of typical Luristan style which date most probably to the Iranian Iron Age (from about 1300-1250 to 650 BCE) were investigated. The results were compared to the analyses of the Deh Hosein ore and other bronze artifacts previously published. Examination of 29 bronze artifacts from Luristan by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed that the Luristan bronzes show variable concentrations of As, Pb, Zn and Fe in addition to high concentrations of tin (0.48-15.4%). The ore composition of Deh Hosein is matched by several bronze artifacts from Luristan analyzed in this study as well as in previous investigations (Fleming et al. 2005). Even more noteworthy is the observation that the lead isotope ratios of the ore samples from Deh Hosein are in very good agreement with 25 samples of metal artifacts from Luristan and other bronze artifacts dated to the third millennium BCE from the southern Persian Gulf (Weeks 1999), the Aegean (Begemann et al. 1992), as well as from third millennium BCE sites in Luristan and Mesopotamia (Begemann & Schmitt-Strecker in preparation). At Deh Hosein, which is located at the western rim of the Luristan area and is close to ancient civilization centers of Susa and Mesopotamia, the ancient workings appear as numerous big ellipsoidal open depressions in two rows along the mineralized horizons. The old workings are up to 70 by 50m in size and up to 15m deep and are aligned over some 500m. Several hammer stones of silicified phyllite and granite, pottery shards and grinding stones have been found in the open-cast mines and adjacent ancient settlements. The pottery shards can be dated to the early first millennium BCE. Pieces of charcoal found in one of the diggings yielded a radiocarbon date of 3380 ± 55, which on calibration (2 sigma) results in an age range of 1775-1522 BCE. Several indications attest that Deh Hosein has been a major supplier of tin for ancient civilizations of Iran and Mesopotamia and perhaps even further west beginning in the third millennium BCE. In summary: i) The lead isotope compatibility of ores from Deh Hosein with many bronze artifacts from Bronze and Iron Age sites distributed from the southern Persian Gulf to the Aegean is good. ii) This is combined with a good match for trace element patterns of ores and artifacts. iii) Copper and tin occur within one mineralization. iv) Ancient textual references mention tin and bronze supply from regions east of Mesopotamia. v) The dating of surface finds of pottery and charcoal finally supports these findings. At present Deh Hosein is the only known copper-tin occurrence close to Luristan and Mesopotamia. The northern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone which is characterized by intrusion of several intrusive bodies in metamorphic terranes favors the occurrence of similar deposits as in the Astaneh-Sarband area. Thus, the prospects are good for further exploration in the region which may also reveal some other ancient mines. Close https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/48972 Close
2005
	Nezafati, Nima; Pernicka, Ernst: The Smelters of Sialk, outcomes of the first stage of archaeometallurgical researches at Tappeh Sialk. In: Shahmirzadi, Sadegh Malek (Ed.): The Fishermen of Sialk Archaeological Report Monograph Series , pp. 79-102, Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, 2005. (Type: Book Chapter \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @inbook{nokey, title = {The Smelters of Sialk, outcomes of the first stage of archaeometallurgical researches at Tappeh Sialk}, author = {Nima Nezafati and Ernst Pernicka }, editor = {Sadegh Malek Shahmirzadi }, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.1.1895.0482}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-00-00}, booktitle = {The Fishermen of Sialk Archaeological Report Monograph Series }, issue = {7}, pages = {79-102}, publisher = {Iranian Center for Archaeological Research}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.1895.0482 Close
2004
	Ladurner, Ulrich: Mullahs und Metallurgen. 2004. (Type: Miscellaneous \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @misc{nokey, title = {Mullahs und Metallurgen}, author = {Ulrich Ladurner }, url = {https://www.zeit.de/2004/08/A-Iran?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2F }, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Die Zeit}, number = {8}, pages = {31}, publisher = {Zeitverlag Gerd Bucerius GmbH & Co. KG}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } Close https://www.zeit.de/2004/08/A-Iran?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2F Close
2003
	Hauptmann, Andreas; Rehren, Thilo; Schmitt-Strecker, Sigrid: Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy at Shahr-i Sokhta, reconsidered. In: Man and Mining - Mensch und Bergbau. Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber. Der Anschnitt, vol. Beih. 16, pp. 197-213, 2003. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper) @article{nokey, title = {Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy at Shahr-i Sokhta, reconsidered}, author = {Andreas Hauptmann and Thilo Rehren and Sigrid Schmitt-Strecker }, url = {https://www.academia.edu/4260702/Early_Bronze_Age_copper_metallurgy_at_Shahr_i_Sokhta_Iran_reconsidered_Hauptmann_et_al_2003_FS_Weisgerber_ }, year = {2003}, date = {2003-00-00}, journal = {Man and Mining - Mensch und Bergbau. Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber. Der Anschnitt}, volume = {Beih. 16}, pages = {197-213}, publisher = {Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum}, abstract = {Between 2700 and 2500 BC, mixed sulphidic and oxidic copper ores were brought to the urban site of Shahr-i Sokhta in eastern Iran to be smelted in crucibles. The main ore component to be extracted was copper oxide with remnants of copper sulphide, following the co-smelting process. No deliberate attempt was made to roast the copper sulphide in order to exploit its copper content. After the smelt, the entire charge, comprising metal, matte and slag, was poured or tapped from the crucibles into a separate receptacle, where the metal / matte melt separated underneath the slag. The separation of copper metal was improved by its interaction with low-melting copper sulphides. Detailed analyses of texture and phase content of the slag provide information on the cooling process and the origin of various inclusions. The role of iron arsenide (speiss) from the site is discussed in the context of early arsenical copper. Lead isotope ratios of archaeometallurgical finds offer proof of a common, though probably complex origin of ores, slag, matte and copper, and indicate a possible provenance of ores from the Iranian Malik-i Siah Mountains west of Shar-i Sokhta. Teh scale or production indicates a domestic type of industry, while the technology being used appears more developed than that used throughout the Middle East, and can be seen as the beginnings of full slagging operations.}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close Between 2700 and 2500 BC, mixed sulphidic and oxidic copper ores were brought to the urban site of Shahr-i Sokhta in eastern Iran to be smelted in crucibles. The main ore component to be extracted was copper oxide with remnants of copper sulphide, following the co-smelting process. No deliberate attempt was made to roast the copper sulphide in order to exploit its copper content. After the smelt, the entire charge, comprising metal, matte and slag, was poured or tapped from the crucibles into a separate receptacle, where the metal / matte melt separated underneath the slag. The separation of copper metal was improved by its interaction with low-melting copper sulphides. Detailed analyses of texture and phase content of the slag provide information on the cooling process and the origin of various inclusions. The role of iron arsenide (speiss) from the site is discussed in the context of early arsenical copper. Lead isotope ratios of archaeometallurgical finds offer proof of a common, though probably complex origin of ores, slag, matte and copper, and indicate a possible provenance of ores from the Iranian Malik-i Siah Mountains west of Shar-i Sokhta. Teh scale or production indicates a domestic type of industry, while the technology being used appears more developed than that used throughout the Middle East, and can be seen as the beginnings of full slagging operations. Close https://www.academia.edu/4260702/Early_Bronze_Age_copper_metallurgy_at_Shahr_i_S[...] Close
	Pigott, Vincent Charles; Lechtman, Heather: Chalcolithic copper-base metallurgy on the Iranian plateau: a new look at old evidence from Tal-i lblis. In: Potts, Timothy; Roaf, Michael; Stein, Diana (Ed.): Culture through Objects. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of P.R.S. Moorey , pp. 291-312, Peeters, 2003, ISBN: 9780900416798. (Type: Book Chapter \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base) @inbook{nokey, title = {Chalcolithic copper-base metallurgy on the Iranian plateau: a new look at old evidence from Tal-i lblis}, author = {Vincent Charles Pigott and Heather Lechtman }, editor = {Timothy Potts and Michael Roaf and Diana Stein }, url = {https://www.peeters-leuven.be/detail.php?search_key=9780900416798&series_number_str=0&lang=en}, isbn = {9780900416798}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-00-00}, booktitle = {Culture through Objects. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of P.R.S. Moorey }, pages = {291-312}, publisher = {Peeters}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close https://www.peeters-leuven.be/detail.php?search_key=9780900416798&series_num[...] Close
2002
	Rastadt, E.; Miralipour, A. Monazami; Momenzadeh, M.: Sheikh-Ali Copper Deposit, a Cypurs-Type VMS Deposit Southeast Iran (Manuskript). In: Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, vol. 13, iss. 1, no. 1, pp. 51-63, 2002, ISSN: 1016-1104. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper) @article{nokey, title = {Sheikh-Ali Copper Deposit, a Cypurs-Type VMS Deposit Southeast Iran (Manuskript)}, author = {E. Rastadt and A. Monazami Miralipour and M. Momenzadeh }, url = {https://journal.ut.ac.ir/article_31754_febc650b98d1e09e80d49b5f408c2e9f.pdf}, issn = {1016-1104}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-00-00}, urldate = {2002-00-00}, journal = {Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, issue = {1}, pages = {51-63}, publisher = {National Center For Scientific Research}, abstract = {Sheikh-Ali copper deposit is located 300 km southeast Kennan in southeastem part of the Zagros ophiolite belt. The country rocks are volcano-sedimentary sequence of Upper Cretaceous in age. The rock units consist of pillow basalt lava, diabase, pelagic limestone, radiolarian chert and calcareous sandstone. These units locally have an eastwest trend and are emplaced between serpentinites and ultrabasics through a fault contact. The ore-bearing exhalative silicic horizon was deposited stratiformly at the contact between pillow lavas and pelagic limestones. Chloritic and propylitic alterations can be seen in the surrounding rocks. The geometry of ore is lenticular and the lenses are conformable with the pelagic limestones, as well as pillow basalt lavas. The mineral paragenesis includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, specularite, chert and calcite. The ore textures are massive, laminar, colloform, disseminated and rarely veinlets. Geochemical studies show excellent correlation between Cu and Zn in different part of the ore body. Furthermore, the REE pattems are similar in both the pillow basalts and the ore body. Geological, lithological, ore paragenesis and geochemical studies suggest that the deposit can be introduced as a Cyprus-type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, resulted from exhalatives and submarine volcanic fumarols, synchroneous with the formation of country rocks. }, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close Sheikh-Ali copper deposit is located 300 km southeast Kennan in southeastem part of the Zagros ophiolite belt. The country rocks are volcano-sedimentary sequence of Upper Cretaceous in age. The rock units consist of pillow basalt lava, diabase, pelagic limestone, radiolarian chert and calcareous sandstone. These units locally have an eastwest trend and are emplaced between serpentinites and ultrabasics through a fault contact. The ore-bearing exhalative silicic horizon was deposited stratiformly at the contact between pillow lavas and pelagic limestones. Chloritic and propylitic alterations can be seen in the surrounding rocks. The geometry of ore is lenticular and the lenses are conformable with the pelagic limestones, as well as pillow basalt lavas. The mineral paragenesis includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, specularite, chert and calcite. The ore textures are massive, laminar, colloform, disseminated and rarely veinlets. Geochemical studies show excellent correlation between Cu and Zn in different part of the ore body. Furthermore, the REE pattems are similar in both the pillow basalts and the ore body. Geological, lithological, ore paragenesis and geochemical studies suggest that the deposit can be introduced as a Cyprus-type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, resulted from exhalatives and submarine volcanic fumarols, synchroneous with the formation of country rocks. Close https://journal.ut.ac.ir/article_31754_febc650b98d1e09e80d49b5f408c2e9f.pdf Close
2000
	Stöllner, Thomas; Weisgerber, Gerd: Preliminary report on archaeometallurgical investigations around the prehistoric site of Arisman. In: Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, vol. 32, pp. 281-318, 2000. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Preliminary report on archaeometallurgical investigations around the prehistoric site of Arisman}, author = {Thomas Stöllner and Gerd Weisgerber}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321155006_Preliminary_report_on_archaeometallurgical_investigations_around_the_prehistoric_site_of_Arisman_near_Kashan_western_Central_Iran}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan}, volume = {32}, pages = {281-318}, publisher = {Reimer}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321155006_Preliminary_report_on_archaeo[...] Close
1997
	Vatandoust, Abdolrasool: International Symposium on Archaeometallurgy in Central and Western Asia. Research Centre for Conservation of Cultural Relics, 1997. (Type: Book \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @book{nokey, title = {International Symposium on Archaeometallurgy in Central and Western Asia}, author = {Abdolrasool Vatandoust }, year = {1997}, date = {1997-00-00}, booktitle = {Schedule & Information}, publisher = {Research Centre for Conservation of Cultural Relics}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {book} } Close
1996
	Hezarkhani, Zahra; Keesmann, Ingo: Archäometallurgische Untersuchungen an Kupferschlacken im Zentraliran. In: Metalla, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 101-125, 1996. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base) @article{nokey, title = {Archäometallurgische Untersuchungen an Kupferschlacken im Zentraliran}, author = {Zahra Hezarkhani and Ingo Keesmann }, year = {1996}, date = {1996-00-00}, journal = {Metalla}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {101-125}, publisher = {Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1994
	Bagherzadeh, C.; Hezarkhani, Zahra; Keesmann, I.; Kronz, A.; Sohni, A.: Archäometallurgie von Anarak-Maaden-e-Nakhlak. In: Berichte der Deutschen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft, Beiheft zu Euro. Jour. of Mineralogy, vol. 6, pp. 12, 1994. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Archäometallurgie von Anarak-Maaden-e-Nakhlak}, author = {C. Bagherzadeh and Zahra Hezarkhani and I. Keesmann and A. Kronz and A. Sohni }, year = {1994}, date = {1994-00-00}, journal = {Berichte der Deutschen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft, Beiheft zu Euro. Jour. of Mineralogy}, volume = {6}, pages = {12}, publisher = {Schweizerbart}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1992
	Hakemi, Ali: The Copper Smelting Furnaces of the Bronze Age in Shahdad. In: South Asian archaeology 1989 : papers from the Tenth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Musée National des Arts Asiatiques - Guimet, Paris, France, 3-7 July, 1989 , pp. 119-132, Prehistory Press, 1992. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age, Copper, Metal Resources) @inbook{nokey, title = {The Copper Smelting Furnaces of the Bronze Age in Shahdad}, author = {Ali Hakemi }, year = {1992}, date = {1992-00-00}, booktitle = {South Asian archaeology 1989 : papers from the Tenth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Musée National des Arts Asiatiques - Guimet, Paris, France, 3-7 July, 1989 }, pages = {119-132}, publisher = {Prehistory Press}, series = {Monographs in world archaeology}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age, Copper, Metal Resources}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
1987
	Malfoy, Jean-Michel; Menu, Michel: Les armes : La guerre et la chasse [excerpts]. In: Tallon, Françoise; Jean-Michel Malfoy,; Menu, Michel (Ed.): Metallurgie Susienne I. De la fondation de Suse au XVIIIe avant J.-C. , vol. 1, Ministère de la culture et de la communication, Paris, 1987, ISBN: 2711820688. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @inbook{nokey, title = {Les armes : La guerre et la chasse [excerpts]}, author = {Jean-Michel Malfoy and Michel Menu }, editor = {Françoise Tallon and Jean-Michel Malfoy, and Michel Menu}, isbn = {2711820688}, year = {1987}, date = {1987-00-00}, booktitle = {Metallurgie Susienne I. De la fondation de Suse au XVIIIe avant J.-C. }, volume = {1}, publisher = {Ministère de la culture et de la communication}, address = {Paris}, series = {Notes et documents des musées de France 15}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
1982
	Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart: Archaeology and Pre-Achaemenid Metalworking in Iran: A Fifteen Year Retrospective. In: Iran, vol. 20, pp. 81-101, 1982. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Archaeology and Pre-Achaemenid Metalworking in Iran: A Fifteen Year Retrospective}, author = {Peter Roger Stuart Moorey }, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299723 }, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4299723}, year = {1982}, date = {1982-00-00}, journal = {Iran}, volume = {20}, pages = {81-101}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299723 doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/4299723 Close
	Pigott, Vincent Charles; Howard, Susan M.; Epstein, Stephen Matheson: Pyrotechnology and culture change at bronze age Tepe Hissar, Iran. In: Wertime, Theodore A. (Ed.): Early pyrotechnology : the evolution of the first fire-using industries , pp. 215-236, Smithsonian Institution, 1982. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @inbook{nokey, title = {Pyrotechnology and culture change at bronze age Tepe Hissar, Iran}, author = {Vincent Charles Pigott and Susan M. Howard and Stephen Matheson Epstein }, editor = {Theodore A. Wertime}, year = {1982}, date = {1982-00-00}, booktitle = {Early pyrotechnology : the evolution of the first fire-using industries }, pages = {215-236}, publisher = {Smithsonian Institution}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
1980
	Pigott, Vincent Charles: The Iron Age in Western Iran. In: The Coming of the Age of Iron , pp. 417-461, Yale University Press, 1980. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @inbook{nokey, title = {The Iron Age in Western Iran}, author = {Vincent Charles Pigott}, year = {1980}, date = {1980-00-00}, booktitle = {The Coming of the Age of Iron }, pages = {417-461}, publisher = {Yale University Press}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
1979
	Shahmirzadi, Sadegh Malek: Copper, Bronze, and Their Implementation by Metalsmiths of Sagzabad, Qazvin Plain, Iran. In: Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, vol. 12, pp. 49-66, 1979. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Copper) @article{nokey, title = {Copper, Bronze, and Their Implementation by Metalsmiths of Sagzabad, Qazvin Plain, Iran}, author = {Sadegh Malek Shahmirzadi }, year = {1979}, date = {1979-00-00}, journal = {Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran}, volume = {12}, pages = {49-66}, publisher = {Reimer}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Copper}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
	Sperl, Gerhard: Ein Schlackenfund vom Kordlar-Tepe. In: Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, vol. 12, pp. 155-156, 1979. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Ein Schlackenfund vom Kordlar-Tepe}, author = {Gerhard Sperl}, year = {1979}, date = {1979-00-00}, journal = {Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran}, volume = {12}, pages = {155-156}, publisher = {Reimer}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
	Majidzadeh, Yousef: An early prehistoric coppersmith workshop at Tepe Ghabristan. In: Akten des VII. Internationalen Kongresses fur Iranische Kunst and Archäologie : München 7.-10. September 1976 , pp. 82-92, Reimer, 1979. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper) @inbook{nokey, title = {An early prehistoric coppersmith workshop at Tepe Ghabristan}, author = {Yousef Majidzadeh }, year = {1979}, date = {1979-00-00}, booktitle = {Akten des VII. Internationalen Kongresses fur Iranische Kunst and Archäologie : München 7.-10. September 1976 }, pages = {82-92}, publisher = {Reimer}, series = {Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran. Ergänzungsband 6}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
1978
	Momenzadeh, Morteza: Atlas of ancient mines and metallurgy sites of Iran: A preliminary working plan. In: Geological survey of Iran, 1978. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Resources) @article{nokey, title = {Atlas of ancient mines and metallurgy sites of Iran: A preliminary working plan}, author = {Morteza Momenzadeh }, year = {1978}, date = {1978-00-00}, journal = {Geological survey of Iran}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Resources}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1976
	Pigott, Vincent Charles: Archaeo-metallurgical Investigations at Bronze Age Tappeh Hesar. In: Robert H. Dyson, Jr.; Howard, Susan M. (Ed.): Tappeh Hesar. Reports of the Restudy Project , pp. 25-33, Casa editrice Le Lettere, 1976. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age) @inbook{nokey, title = {Archaeo-metallurgical Investigations at Bronze Age Tappeh Hesar}, author = {Vincent Charles Pigott }, editor = { Robert H. Dyson, Jr. and Susan M. Howard}, year = {1976}, date = {1976-00-00}, booktitle = {Tappeh Hesar. Reports of the Restudy Project }, pages = {25-33}, publisher = {Casa editrice Le Lettere}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
1974
	Melikian-Chirvani, Assadullah Souren: The White Bronzes of Early Islamic Iran. In: Metropolitan Museum Journal, vol. 9, pp. 123-151, 1974. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Islamic era) @article{nokey, title = {The White Bronzes of Early Islamic Iran}, author = {Assadullah Souren Melikian-Chirvani}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1512659}, year = {1974}, date = {1974-01-01}, journal = {Metropolitan Museum Journal}, volume = {9}, pages = {123-151}, publisher = {The University of Chicago Press}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Islamic era}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1512659 Close
1972
	Schafighi, Sirius: Die Bleiminien von Ahängäran bei Mälazer (Zentral-Iran). 1972. (Type: PhD Thesis \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Resources) @phdthesis{nokey, title = {Die Bleiminien von Ahängäran bei Mälazer (Zentral-Iran)}, author = {Sirius Schafighi}, year = {1972}, date = {1972-00-00}, urldate = {1972-00-00}, howpublished = {Bern}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Resources}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {phdthesis} } Close
1971
	Waldbaum, Jane C.: A bronze and iron Iranian axe in the Fogg Art Museum. In: Mitten, David Gordon; Pedley, John Griffiths (Ed.): Studies presented to George M.A. Hanfmann , pp. 197-205, P. von Zabern, 1971. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @inbook{nokey, title = {A bronze and iron Iranian axe in the Fogg Art Museum}, author = {Jane C. Waldbaum }, editor = {David Gordon Mitten and John Griffiths Pedley }, year = {1971}, date = {1971-00-00}, booktitle = {Studies presented to George M.A. Hanfmann }, pages = {197-205}, publisher = {P. von Zabern}, series = {Monographs in art and archaeology}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
1970
	Tylecote, R. F.: Early metallurgy in the Near East. In: Metals and Materials, pp. 285-293, 1970. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Early metallurgy in the Near East}, author = {R.F. Tylecote}, year = {1970}, date = {1970-00-00}, urldate = {1970-00-00}, journal = {Metals and Materials}, pages = {285-293}, publisher = {Springer}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1969
	Moorey, P. R. S.: Prehistoric copper and bronze metallurgy in western Iran (with special reference to Luristan). In: Iran, vol. 7, pp. 131-154, 1969. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Copper, Luristan) @article{nokey, title = {Prehistoric copper and bronze metallurgy in western Iran (with special reference to Luristan)}, author = {P.R.S. Moorey}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4299618}, year = {1969}, date = {1969-00-00}, urldate = {1969-00-00}, journal = {Iran}, volume = {7}, pages = {131-154}, publisher = {Taylor & Francis, Ltd.}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Copper, Luristan}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/4299618 Close
1968
	Wertime, Theodore A.: A metallurgical Expedition through the Persian Desert. In: Science, vol. 159, no. 3818, pp. 927-935, 1968. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {A metallurgical Expedition through the Persian Desert}, author = {Theodore A. Wertime}, doi = {10.1126/science.159.3818.927}, year = {1968}, date = {1968-00-00}, urldate = {1968-00-00}, journal = {Science}, volume = {159}, number = {3818}, pages = {927-935}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close doi:10.1126/science.159.3818.927 Close
	Caldwell, Joseph R.: Tal-i-Iblis und der Beginn der Kupfer-Metallurgie im 5. Jahrtausend. In: Archaeologia Viva, vol. 1, pp. 145-150, 1968. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base) @article{nokey, title = {Tal-i-Iblis und der Beginn der Kupfer-Metallurgie im 5. Jahrtausend}, author = {Joseph R. Caldwell }, year = {1968}, date = {1968-00-00}, journal = {Archaeologia Viva}, volume = {1}, pages = {145-150}, publisher = {Giunti Gruppo Editoriale}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1967
	Smith, Cyril: Tal-i lblis: Metallurgical Archaeology. In: Iran, vol. 5, pp. 146-147, 1967. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Tal-i lblis: Metallurgical Archaeology}, author = {Cyril Smith}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4299593}, year = {1967}, date = {1967-01-01}, journal = {Iran}, volume = {5}, pages = {146-147}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/4299593 Close
1966
	Dougherty, Ralph C.: Evidence of early pyrometallurgy in the Kerman Range in Iran. In: Science, vol. 153, iss. 3739, pp. 984-985, 1966. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Kerman) @article{nokey, title = {Evidence of early pyrometallurgy in the Kerman Range in Iran}, author = {Ralph C. Dougherty}, doi = {10.1126/science.153.3739.984}, year = {1966}, date = {1966-00-00}, urldate = {1966-00-00}, journal = {Science}, volume = {153}, issue = {3739}, pages = {984-985}, abstract = {Physical and chemical analysis of pottery fragments, including a crucible shard and ore samples from Tal-i-Iblis, Iran, suggests that copper smelting may have been well advanced late in the fifth millennium B.C.}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Kerman}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close Physical and chemical analysis of pottery fragments, including a crucible shard and ore samples from Tal-i-Iblis, Iran, suggests that copper smelting may have been well advanced late in the fifth millennium B.C. Close doi:10.1126/science.153.3739.984 Close
1963
	Schürenberg, Horst: Über iranische Kupfererzvorkommen mit komplexen Kobalt-Nickelerzen. In: Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 200-230, 1963. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper) @article{nokey, title = {Über iranische Kupfererzvorkommen mit komplexen Kobalt-Nickelerzen}, author = {Horst Schürenberg}, year = {1963}, date = {1963-00-00}, journal = {Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, pages = {200-230}, publisher = {E.Schweizerbart'sche}, abstract = {Summary: she joins with three different mineral paragenesis occur in paleogene trachyandesites, La tight and the conglomerates of the series near Baytsche Bagh in Azerbeidshan. 1. Quartz, pyrite, carbonates and sulphides and copper. 2. Quatz, Native bismuth, cobalt arsenides and molybdenite were hitherto found only in the depth of 1 vein with copper ores (1.). 3. Quartz, pyrite, Carbonates, sphalerite, galenite and a small amount of copper sulphides which could only be found in the depth in two independent parallel running fissure veins close to veins of copper ore. These deposits are interpreted as a mesothermal subvolcanic formation. The deposits of the impregnation type of Talmessi and Meskani near Anrak in the central Iranian highland occur in paleogene dacite respectively and Andesite. They contain chalcocite, mainly as impregnations and small veinlets with complex nickel arsenides and traces of cobalt arsenides. during the mineralisation the content of sulphur diminished where the concentration of arsenic increased, so that parts of the copper sulphides were displaced by algodonite and domeykite. A second generation brought small amounts of henatitic quartz and pechblende. Later both occurrences were alterated by cementation. The primary meso-to epithermal formations are regarded to be subvolcanic.}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close Summary: she joins with three different mineral paragenesis occur in paleogene trachyandesites, La tight and the conglomerates of the series near Baytsche Bagh in Azerbeidshan. 1. Quartz, pyrite, carbonates and sulphides and copper. 2. Quatz, Native bismuth, cobalt arsenides and molybdenite were hitherto found only in the depth of 1 vein with copper ores (1.). 3. Quartz, pyrite, Carbonates, sphalerite, galenite and a small amount of copper sulphides which could only be found in the depth in two independent parallel running fissure veins close to veins of copper ore. These deposits are interpreted as a mesothermal subvolcanic formation. The deposits of the impregnation type of Talmessi and Meskani near Anrak in the central Iranian highland occur in paleogene dacite respectively and Andesite. They contain chalcocite, mainly as impregnations and small veinlets with complex nickel arsenides and traces of cobalt arsenides. during the mineralisation the content of sulphur diminished where the concentration of arsenic increased, so that parts of the copper sulphides were displaced by algodonite and domeykite. A second generation brought small amounts of henatitic quartz and pechblende. Later both occurrences were alterated by cementation. The primary meso-to epithermal formations are regarded to be subvolcanic. Close
1950
	Brown, T. B.: Ancient Mining and Metallurgy Committee, Second Report: Iron Objects from Azarbaijan. In: Man, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 7-9, 1950. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Azerbaijan, Iron, Mining) @article{nokey, title = {Ancient Mining and Metallurgy Committee, Second Report: Iron Objects from Azarbaijan}, author = {T. B. Brown}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/2792550}, year = {1950}, date = {1950-01-01}, urldate = {1950-00-00}, journal = {Man, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, pages = {7-9}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Azerbaijan, Iron, Mining}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close https://www.jstor.org/stable/2792550 Close
1949
	Maryon, Herbert: Metal Working in the Ancient World. In: American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 53, pp. 93-125, 1949. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Metal Working in the Ancient World}, author = {Herbert Maryon}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/500498}, year = {1949}, date = {1949-01-01}, urldate = {1949-01-01}, journal = {American Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {53}, pages = {93-125}, publisher = {American Institute of Archaeology}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/500498 Close
1940
	Nothing, Friedrich Wilhelm: Versuche zur Antimongewinnung in Anarek (Iran). In: Metall und Erz, vol. 37, pp. 106-109; 130-131, 1940. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources) @article{nokey, title = {Versuche zur Antimongewinnung in Anarek (Iran)}, author = {Friedrich Wilhelm Nothing }, year = {1940}, date = {1940-00-00}, journal = {Metall und Erz}, volume = {37}, pages = {106-109; 130-131}, publisher = {Verlag von Wilhelm Knapp in Halle (Saale) }, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1938
	Crawford, O. G. S.: Tin-Deposits in the Near-East. In: Antiquity, vol. 12, iss. 45, pp. 79-81, 1938. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Tin) @article{nokey, title = {Tin-Deposits in the Near-East}, author = {O.G.S. Crawford}, doi = {10.1017/S0003598X00013430}, year = {1938}, date = {1938-01-01}, journal = {Antiquity}, volume = {12}, issue = {45}, pages = {79-81}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Tin}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close doi:10.1017/S0003598X00013430 Close
1907
	Freise, Fr.: Geographische Verbreitung und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung des Bergbaus in Vorder- und Mittelasien während des Altertums. In: Zeitschrift für praktische Geologie, vol. 15, pp. 101-117, 1907. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Mining, Resources) @article{nokey, title = {Geographische Verbreitung und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung des Bergbaus in Vorder- und Mittelasien während des Altertums}, author = {Fr. Freise}, year = {1907}, date = {1907-00-00}, journal = {Zeitschrift für praktische Geologie}, volume = {15}, pages = {101-117}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Mining, Resources}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1904
	Stahl, Alexander Friedrich: Die Erze des Karadag in Persien. In: Chemiker-Zeitung, vol. 58, pp. 85, 1904. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources) @article{nokey, title = {Die Erze des Karadag in Persien}, author = {Alexander Friedrich Stahl }, year = {1904}, date = {1904-00-00}, journal = {Chemiker-Zeitung}, volume = {58}, pages = {85}, publisher = {Dr. Alfred Hüthig Verlag}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1898
	Helmhacker, R.: Die nutzbaren Lagerstätten Persiens. In: Zeitschrift für praktische Geologie, vol. 6, pp. 430-432, 1898. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Mining, Resources) @article{nokey, title = {Die nutzbaren Lagerstätten Persiens}, author = {R. Helmhacker}, year = {1898}, date = {1898-00-00}, journal = {Zeitschrift für praktische Geologie}, volume = {6}, pages = {430-432}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Mining, Resources}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1895
	Mactear, James: Some notes on Persian mining and metallurgy. In: Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, vol. 3, pp. 2-39, 1895. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Mining) @article{nokey, title = {Some notes on Persian mining and metallurgy}, author = {James Mactear }, year = {1895}, date = {1895-00-00}, journal = {Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy}, volume = {3}, pages = {2-39}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Mining}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1894
	Stahl, A. F.: Die Kupfererze Persiens. In: Chemiker Zeitung, vol. 18, pp. 3-4, 1894. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper) @article{nokey, title = {Die Kupfererze Persiens}, author = {A. F. Stahl}, year = {1894}, date = {1894-00-00}, urldate = {1894-00-00}, journal = {Chemiker Zeitung}, volume = {18}, pages = {3-4}, publisher = {Cöthen}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
0000
	Thornton, Christopher P.; Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C.; Liezers, Martin; Young, Suzanne M. M.: On Pins and Needles: Tracing the Evolution of Copper-base Alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS Analysis of Common-place Items. In: Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 29, iss. 12, 0000. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base) @article{nokey, title = {On Pins and Needles: Tracing the Evolution of Copper-base Alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS Analysis of Common-place Items}, author = {Christopher P. Thornton and C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky and Martin Liezers and Suzanne M. M. Young }, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2002.0809}, journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science}, volume = {29}, issue = {12}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {From 1967 to 1975 a team of archaeologists excavated the site of Tepe Yahya in southeastern Iran under the direction of C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky. Although there are two forthcoming “final reports” (Hiebert (in progress), and Magee (in press); see also Lamberg-Karlovsky & Potts, 2001), analysis of the materials continues as opportunities allow. Metal artefacts, most especially those made of copper and its alloys, are found at this site from the late Neolithic through the Iron Age. Archaeometallurgical analysis, radiocarbon chronologies, and archaeological interpretation allow one to state when and how a type of metal or a style of object was invented, its use as a trade item, and its function and value to an ancient community. In the hopes of establishing a framework for future archaeometallurgical studies, most of the metal artefacts from Tepe Yahya, Iran, stored in the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, were analysed for elemental composition to complement stylistic and metallographic data. }, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close From 1967 to 1975 a team of archaeologists excavated the site of Tepe Yahya in southeastern Iran under the direction of C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky. Although there are two forthcoming “final reports” (Hiebert (in progress), and Magee (in press); see also Lamberg-Karlovsky & Potts, 2001), analysis of the materials continues as opportunities allow. Metal artefacts, most especially those made of copper and its alloys, are found at this site from the late Neolithic through the Iron Age. Archaeometallurgical analysis, radiocarbon chronologies, and archaeological interpretation allow one to state when and how a type of metal or a style of object was invented, its use as a trade item, and its function and value to an ancient community. In the hopes of establishing a framework for future archaeometallurgical studies, most of the metal artefacts from Tepe Yahya, Iran, stored in the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, were analysed for elemental composition to complement stylistic and metallographic data. Close doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2002.0809 Close

2021
	Soltani, Anise Nejad; Maziar, Sepideh; Mortazavi, Mohammad: Scientific Investigation On a Copper-Based Pin from Köhn Pāsga Tepesi in the Province of Eastern Azerbaijan (Iran). In: Laflı, Ergün (Ed.): Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Bronzes from Anatolia and Neighbouring Regions, pp. 305-309, BAR Publishing, Oxford, 2021. (Type: Book Chapter \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base, East Azerbaijan) @inbook{nokey, title = {Scientific Investigation On a Copper-Based Pin from Köhn Pāsga Tepesi in the Province of Eastern Azerbaijan (Iran)}, author = {Anise Nejad Soltani and Sepideh Maziar and Mohammad Mortazavi}, editor = {Ergün Laflı}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354403320_2021_Scientific_investigation_on_a_copper-based_pin_from_Kohne_Pasgah_Tepesi_in_the_province_of_Eastern_Azerbaijan_Iran}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-00-00}, urldate = {2021-00-00}, booktitle = {Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Bronzes from Anatolia and Neighbouring Regions}, pages = {305-309}, publisher = {BAR Publishing}, address = {Oxford}, series = {BAR international series 3038}, abstract = {In this paper a copper-based pin found in Köhné Pāsgāh Tepesi excavations has been investigated. This archaeological site is located between the villages of Máfrüzlü and Shoja'lu, and is part of the administrative district of Káleybár district, in East Azerbaijan province, Iran. It is located on the south bank of the Araxes valley in the Khodääfarin area. The site is one of several sites that will be submerged by the Khodääfarin dam project.The pin has been thoroughly examined in an attempt to find more about the elements used in the alloys' composition and the manufacturing methods of this object. The analytical methods used include ICP, SEM-EDX and metallography. According to the analytical data, an arsenic-copper alloy has been used to make this object with arsenic content about 3%. The metallographic studies showed banded microstructure evident chemical segregation, but also implied cold working used effectively to manufacture the pin.}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base, East Azerbaijan}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close In this paper a copper-based pin found in Köhné Pāsgāh Tepesi excavations has been investigated. This archaeological site is located between the villages of Máfrüzlü and Shoja'lu, and is part of the administrative district of Káleybár district, in East Azerbaijan province, Iran. It is located on the south bank of the Araxes valley in the Khodääfarin area. The site is one of several sites that will be submerged by the Khodääfarin dam project.The pin has been thoroughly examined in an attempt to find more about the elements used in the alloys' composition and the manufacturing methods of this object. The analytical methods used include ICP, SEM-EDX and metallography. According to the analytical data, an arsenic-copper alloy has been used to make this object with arsenic content about 3%. The metallographic studies showed banded microstructure evident chemical segregation, but also implied cold working used effectively to manufacture the pin. Close https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354403320_2021_Scientific_investigation[...] Close
2011
	Amini, Sarem: Investigations at "Chakherbaz Holes", Kurdistan, Iran: A Possible Ancient Mining/Metallurgical Site. 2011. (Type: Working paper \| Abstract \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Mining) @workingpaper{nokey, title = {Investigations at "Chakherbaz Holes", Kurdistan, Iran: A Possible Ancient Mining/Metallurgical Site}, author = {Sarem Amini }, year = {2011}, date = {2011-00-00}, urldate = {2011-00-00}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran}, abstract = {The "Chakherbaz suspected Hole" in western Iran, Kurdistan, was investigated to unravel its mystery of origin. This led to the discovery of some materials, including metal-bearing slag fragments and some partially oxidized iron grains within the soils covering the inside and outside surfaces of the hole which indicate possible metallurgical or smithing practices at the site. The nature of the slag materials found suggest iron smelting; although indications of copper mineralization and the presence of chalcopyrite grains within the slag fragments equally present evidences for copper metallurgy. This seems to have implications for the origin of the holes which are thought to be abandoned surface mines. This notion is further supported by the discovery of pottery in the fill materials and lithics suspected to be ancient stone mining tools. }, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Mining}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {workingpaper} } Close The "Chakherbaz suspected Hole" in western Iran, Kurdistan, was investigated to unravel its mystery of origin. This led to the discovery of some materials, including metal-bearing slag fragments and some partially oxidized iron grains within the soils covering the inside and outside surfaces of the hole which indicate possible metallurgical or smithing practices at the site. The nature of the slag materials found suggest iron smelting; although indications of copper mineralization and the presence of chalcopyrite grains within the slag fragments equally present evidences for copper metallurgy. This seems to have implications for the origin of the holes which are thought to be abandoned surface mines. This notion is further supported by the discovery of pottery in the fill materials and lithics suspected to be ancient stone mining tools. Close
2009
	Thornton, Christopher P.; Rehren, Thilo; Pigott, Vincent Charles: The production of speiss (iron arsenide) during the Early Bronze Age in Iran. In: Journal of Archaeological Science, iss. 36, no. 2, pp. 308-316, 2009. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age) @article{nokey, title = {The production of speiss (iron arsenide) during the Early Bronze Age in Iran}, author = {Christopher P. Thornton and Thilo Rehren and Vincent Charles Pigott}, doi = {10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.017}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, urldate = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science}, number = {2}, issue = {36}, pages = {308-316}, publisher = {Academic Press}, abstract = {In this paper, analyses of some unusual slag samples from the prehistoric site of Tepe Hissar in northeastern Iran are presented. These slags are the remains of a five-thousand-year-old pyrotechnological process that produced speiss, a quasi-metallic material usually formed as an accidental by-product of copper or lead smelting. We argue that the "speiss slags" from Tepe Hissar suggest the intentional production of iron-arsenic alloy ("speiss") in prehistory. Why the Tepe Hissar metalworkers produced speiss is a question that requires further investigation, but our preliminary assessment suggests that it was to provide arsenic as an alloying component for arsenical copper, the preferred copper alloy during much of the Early Bronze Age in Iran, and widely used across the ancient world. This recognition significantly advances our understanding of the early stages of metallurgy in the Old World.}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close In this paper, analyses of some unusual slag samples from the prehistoric site of Tepe Hissar in northeastern Iran are presented. These slags are the remains of a five-thousand-year-old pyrotechnological process that produced speiss, a quasi-metallic material usually formed as an accidental by-product of copper or lead smelting. We argue that the "speiss slags" from Tepe Hissar suggest the intentional production of iron-arsenic alloy ("speiss") in prehistory. Why the Tepe Hissar metalworkers produced speiss is a question that requires further investigation, but our preliminary assessment suggests that it was to provide arsenic as an alloying component for arsenical copper, the preferred copper alloy during much of the Early Bronze Age in Iran, and widely used across the ancient world. This recognition significantly advances our understanding of the early stages of metallurgy in the Old World. Close doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.017 Close
2008
	Begemann, Friedrich; Haerinck, Ernie; Overlaet, B.; Schmitt-Strecker, Sigrid; Tallon, François: An Archaeo-Metallurgical Study of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Luristan, Iran. In: Iranica Antiqua, vol. 43, pp. 1-34, 2008. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Bronze Age, Copper, copper base) @article{nokey, title = {An Archaeo-Metallurgical Study of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Luristan, Iran}, author = {Friedrich Begemann and Ernie Haerinck and B. Overlaet and Sigrid Schmitt-Strecker and François Tallon }, doi = {10.2143/IA.43.0.2024041}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, urldate = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Iranica Antiqua}, volume = {43}, pages = {1-34}, publisher = {Peeters}, abstract = {Copper-base artefacts from Bronze Age Luristan have been analysed for their chemical composition and the isotopic composition of their lead. We find no significant systematic differences between a group of objects recovered in the Pusht-i Kuh region in the course of controlled excavations during the Belgian Archaeological Mission in Iran (BAMI) and a second group of artefacts from the Louvre Museum which were acquired on the art market. According to these material features the objects from the art market are made of genuine "Luristan" metal which does not exclude the possibility that the artefacts are recent forgeries made of "old" metal. The data suggest a large fraction of the artefacts, copper and bronze, to derive from copper ores as they are available in the eastern part of the central Zagros Mountains from where also tin ores have been reported. Bronzes with high 206Pb-normalized abundance ratios, conspicuous in contemporary Mesopotamia, are missing in Luristan. We have no satisfactory explanation to offer why the manifold cultural and material connections between Mesopotamia and Luristan should have excluded the trade in bronzes with such exceptional lead isotopy. }, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Bronze Age, Copper, copper base}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close Copper-base artefacts from Bronze Age Luristan have been analysed for their chemical composition and the isotopic composition of their lead. We find no significant systematic differences between a group of objects recovered in the Pusht-i Kuh region in the course of controlled excavations during the Belgian Archaeological Mission in Iran (BAMI) and a second group of artefacts from the Louvre Museum which were acquired on the art market. According to these material features the objects from the art market are made of genuine "Luristan" metal which does not exclude the possibility that the artefacts are recent forgeries made of "old" metal. The data suggest a large fraction of the artefacts, copper and bronze, to derive from copper ores as they are available in the eastern part of the central Zagros Mountains from where also tin ores have been reported. Bronzes with high 206Pb-normalized abundance ratios, conspicuous in contemporary Mesopotamia, are missing in Luristan. We have no satisfactory explanation to offer why the manifold cultural and material connections between Mesopotamia and Luristan should have excluded the trade in bronzes with such exceptional lead isotopy. Close doi:10.2143/IA.43.0.2024041 Close
2007
	Thornton, Christopher P.; Rehren, Th.: Report of the first Iranian prehistoric slag workshop. In: Iran, vol. 45, pp. 315-318, 2007. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Report of the first Iranian prehistoric slag workshop}, author = {Christopher P. Thornton and Th. Rehren }, doi = {10.1080/05786967.2007.11869198}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Iran}, volume = {45}, pages = {315-318}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, abstract = {"In December of 2006, a small workshop was held at the UCL Institute of Archaeology to bring together established and emerging scholars currently working on ancient Iranian metallurgy, most especially those focused on the production debris (i.e., slag, furnace lining, etc.). This paper presents a summary of that meeting in order to introduce these scholars to the wider archaeological audience, and to provide a basic idea of the sorts of questions being asked of, and the answers being received from, current scientific studies of these materials." }, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close "In December of 2006, a small workshop was held at the UCL Institute of Archaeology to bring together established and emerging scholars currently working on ancient Iranian metallurgy, most especially those focused on the production debris (i.e., slag, furnace lining, etc.). This paper presents a summary of that meeting in order to introduce these scholars to the wider archaeological audience, and to provide a basic idea of the sorts of questions being asked of, and the answers being received from, current scientific studies of these materials." Close doi:10.1080/05786967.2007.11869198 Close
2006
	Nezafati, Nima; Pernicka, Ernst; Momenzadeh, Morteza: Ancient tin: Old question and a new answer. In: Antiquity, vol. 80, iss. 308, pp. 1-5, 2006. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Tin) @article{nokey, title = {Ancient tin: Old question and a new answer}, author = {Nima Nezafati and Ernst Pernicka and Morteza Momenzadeh }, url = {https://www.academia.edu/17063293/Ancient_tin_Old_question_and_a_new_answer}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-06-01}, journal = {Antiquity}, volume = {80}, issue = {308}, pages = {1-5}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Tin}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close https://www.academia.edu/17063293/Ancient_tin_Old_question_and_a_new_answer Close
	Nezafati, Nima: Au-Sn-W-Cu-Mineralization in the Astaneh-Sarband Area, West Central Iran: including a comparison of the ores with ancient bronze artifacts from Western Asia. 2006. (Type: PhD Thesis \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze) @phdthesis{nokey, title = {Au-Sn-W-Cu-Mineralization in the Astaneh-Sarband Area, West Central Iran: including a comparison of the ores with ancient bronze artifacts from Western Asia}, author = {Nima Nezafati }, url = {https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/48972 }, year = {2006}, date = {2006-00-00}, publisher = {Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen}, abstract = {The present study deals with two primary aims; (1) geological, mineralogical, and geochemical investigations of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh, and Nezam Abad mineralizations in the Astaneh-Sarband area, west central Iran, with the aim to understand the characteristics of the occurrences and their conditions of formation, and (2) geochemical investigations on ancient bronze artifacts from Iran and Western Asia in order to compare their characteristics with the high-tin copper ore of Deh Hosein and examine their possible relationship. The Astaneh-Sarband area is located in the northern part of the NW-SE aligned Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt and consists mainly of Mesozoic schists, Middle Jurassic to Middle Tertiary intrusive rocks and related contact metamorphic aureoles, and pegmatites. Regional metamorphism in the area has reached a peak of greenschist facies, but further metamorphism has occurred locally, associated with granitoid emplacement. Magmatism has produced large felsic to intermediate intrusive bodies along a general northwest trend. The main trend of the faults, fractures and other structural features of the area is NW-SE. The Deh Hosein prospect is mainly hosted by Jurassic meta-sedimentary rocks, which have been intruded by the Astaneh complex. Mineralization continues into the southern part of the Astaneh intrusion. The meta-sedimentary rocks consist of alternating meta-sandstone, phyllite, schist, spotted slate and hornfels. The main faults and other structural features, with NW and NE trends, have controlled the mineralization, which occurs in the form of quartz, quartz-sulfide and quartz-gossan veins and veinlets, partly sheeted in structure. These veins are up to 1.5 m wide and several to tens of meters long. Mineralization also occurs as disseminations and impregnations, especially in the vein selvages. Adjacent to and within zones of intense quartz veining, the predominant alteration assemblage is quartz + sericite + tourmaline + monazite. Some 35 metalliferous minerals have been detected at Deh Hosein. Arsenopyrite is the dominant sulfide mineral, with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite > pyrite > pyrrhotite. Cassiterite and ferberite are the rather abundant oxide minerals. The sulfide content in the ore is generally less than two volume percent. Arsenopyrite associated with early alteration and veining typically contains 1-150µm large inclusions of native bismuth, bismite and bismuthinite. Gold occurs in “invisible” form in the arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals of Deh Hosein. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA in the ore ranged from 0.05 to 13.3 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 10%, 6.7%, 2420ppm, and 1800ppm, respectively. At Astaneh, gold mineralization is confined to the NW-SE trending Astaneh intrusion that is composed mainly of biotite granite (98.9 ± 1.0 Ma; Masoudi 1997), which is locally accompanied by granodiorite, tourmaline granite and quartz diorite. The northeastern part of the Astaneh intrusion has been cut by the Shirmazd granodiorite. This stock is about 400 m in diameter and Eocene in age (Rb/Sr and single zircon evaporation methods, this study). The Shirmazd granodiorite has been cut by NE-trending microgranodiorite dykes. Gold mineralization occurs mainly as NE-trending quartz- and quartz-sulfide veins and veinlets, as well as in disseminations in the Shirmazd stock and the intersecting microgranodiorite dykes, and in some nearby, smaller, altered granitic stocks. Alteration minerals include sericite, chlorite, quartz, calcite and in some cases kaolinite. At Astaneh chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite are the major sulfide minerals, of which the latter contains 1-50 µm sized inclusions of native bismuth and bismite. Gold occurs in both visible and invisible forms at Astaneh. Visible gold has been reported in the form of very fine grained particles (<15 µm) either in goethite produced from the oxidation of chalcopyrite or in sericitized plagioclase (Hashemi 2002), while invisible gold occurs in arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 9.5 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 1%, 0.05%, 100 ppm and 138ppm, respectively. The Nezam Abad mineralization is hosted by a Lower-Mid Eocene quartz diorite unit. This rock unit has been cut by several aplitic and quartz or quartz-tourmaline veins; the latter host the mineralization. The faults of the area are NW-, NE- and N-trending. Associated alteration minerals include quartz, chlorite, sericite, and tourmaline. At Nezam Abad, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and scheelite are the most abundant ore minerals. Gold occurs as “invisible” form predominantly in arsenopyrite with bismuth inclusions at Nezam Abad. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 36.2 ppm while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to %10, %0.87, %3.37 and 548ppm, respectively (Farhadian 1999). In all three occurrences, gold shows positive correlations with arsenic, bismuth, selenium, silver, tellurium and antimony. Microprobe investigations revealed that the arsenopyrites from Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad contain 32.3 to 34.3, 30.7 to 31.4, and 33.6 to 35.6 atomic percent of arsenic. Average compositions lead to the conclusion that the mineralization formed at temperatures of 460°C, 410° to 380°C and 565° to 510 °C, respectively. Oxygen isotope ratios for gold-bearing quartz veins in the area range from 13.6 to 19.2‰ for Deh Hosein, from 11.5 to 13.7‰ for Astaneh and from 11.6 to 15‰ (V-SMOW) for Nezam Abad. The oxygen isotope data suggest a metamorphic or a mixed magmatic-metamorphic source for the quartz veins. Measured sulfur isotope values for pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and arsenopyrite in quartz veins of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad range from -5.6 to 0‰, -0.5 to 1.8‰ and 1.2 to 4‰ (CDT), respectively. The sulfur-isotope values of all these occurrences are compatible with a magmatic sulfur source. Pb isotope ratios from the sulfide and host rock samples of the prospects indicate a good agreement between the lead ratios of the ore of Deh Hosein and the hosting meta-sandstone, the ore of Astaneh and the Shirmazd Stock and the ore of Nezam Abad and the hosting quartz diorite. The Pb isotope signatures of the ore from the three occurrences show also rather close ratios. According to the plumbotectonics model of Zartman and Doe (1981) the lead in the ores has a lower crustal Pb component. The studied occurrences share several similarities in terms of their mineralogy, geochemistry, formation temperatures, isotope ratios, alteration and occurrence of gold. They also indicate many similar features with the “intrusion-related gold systems” that have been described from Alaska, the Yukon and other parts of the world (e.g., Lang et al. 1997, 2000; McCoy et al. 1997; Thompson et al. 1999). According to the present data, it appears that a fertile magmatic source (probably of lower crustal origin) has affected the already present metamorphic rocks of the area (by remobilizing some of their elements) and caused a rather intensive gold mineralization in the area during the Pyrenean Orogeny. The extensive ancient mining relics at Deh Hosein, the simultaneous occurrence of tin and copper in it, together with frequent archaeological and ancient textual references which refer to the Iranian plateau as supplier of the raw material for the ancient Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran (Susa and Luristan) encouraged me to examine the possible relationship between the ore of this ancient mine and the ancient bronze artifacts. For this purpose, several bronze artifacts of typical Luristan style which date most probably to the Iranian Iron Age (from about 1300-1250 to 650 BCE) were investigated. The results were compared to the analyses of the Deh Hosein ore and other bronze artifacts previously published. Examination of 29 bronze artifacts from Luristan by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed that the Luristan bronzes show variable concentrations of As, Pb, Zn and Fe in addition to high concentrations of tin (0.48-15.4%). The ore composition of Deh Hosein is matched by several bronze artifacts from Luristan analyzed in this study as well as in previous investigations (Fleming et al. 2005). Even more noteworthy is the observation that the lead isotope ratios of the ore samples from Deh Hosein are in very good agreement with 25 samples of metal artifacts from Luristan and other bronze artifacts dated to the third millennium BCE from the southern Persian Gulf (Weeks 1999), the Aegean (Begemann et al. 1992), as well as from third millennium BCE sites in Luristan and Mesopotamia (Begemann & Schmitt-Strecker in preparation). At Deh Hosein, which is located at the western rim of the Luristan area and is close to ancient civilization centers of Susa and Mesopotamia, the ancient workings appear as numerous big ellipsoidal open depressions in two rows along the mineralized horizons. The old workings are up to 70 by 50m in size and up to 15m deep and are aligned over some 500m. Several hammer stones of silicified phyllite and granite, pottery shards and grinding stones have been found in the open-cast mines and adjacent ancient settlements. The pottery shards can be dated to the early first millennium BCE. Pieces of charcoal found in one of the diggings yielded a radiocarbon date of 3380 ± 55, which on calibration (2 sigma) results in an age range of 1775-1522 BCE. Several indications attest that Deh Hosein has been a major supplier of tin for ancient civilizations of Iran and Mesopotamia and perhaps even further west beginning in the third millennium BCE. In summary: i) The lead isotope compatibility of ores from Deh Hosein with many bronze artifacts from Bronze and Iron Age sites distributed from the southern Persian Gulf to the Aegean is good. ii) This is combined with a good match for trace element patterns of ores and artifacts. iii) Copper and tin occur within one mineralization. iv) Ancient textual references mention tin and bronze supply from regions east of Mesopotamia. v) The dating of surface finds of pottery and charcoal finally supports these findings. At present Deh Hosein is the only known copper-tin occurrence close to Luristan and Mesopotamia. The northern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone which is characterized by intrusion of several intrusive bodies in metamorphic terranes favors the occurrence of similar deposits as in the Astaneh-Sarband area. Thus, the prospects are good for further exploration in the region which may also reveal some other ancient mines. }, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {phdthesis} } Close The present study deals with two primary aims; (1) geological, mineralogical, and geochemical investigations of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh, and Nezam Abad mineralizations in the Astaneh-Sarband area, west central Iran, with the aim to understand the characteristics of the occurrences and their conditions of formation, and (2) geochemical investigations on ancient bronze artifacts from Iran and Western Asia in order to compare their characteristics with the high-tin copper ore of Deh Hosein and examine their possible relationship. The Astaneh-Sarband area is located in the northern part of the NW-SE aligned Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt and consists mainly of Mesozoic schists, Middle Jurassic to Middle Tertiary intrusive rocks and related contact metamorphic aureoles, and pegmatites. Regional metamorphism in the area has reached a peak of greenschist facies, but further metamorphism has occurred locally, associated with granitoid emplacement. Magmatism has produced large felsic to intermediate intrusive bodies along a general northwest trend. The main trend of the faults, fractures and other structural features of the area is NW-SE. The Deh Hosein prospect is mainly hosted by Jurassic meta-sedimentary rocks, which have been intruded by the Astaneh complex. Mineralization continues into the southern part of the Astaneh intrusion. The meta-sedimentary rocks consist of alternating meta-sandstone, phyllite, schist, spotted slate and hornfels. The main faults and other structural features, with NW and NE trends, have controlled the mineralization, which occurs in the form of quartz, quartz-sulfide and quartz-gossan veins and veinlets, partly sheeted in structure. These veins are up to 1.5 m wide and several to tens of meters long. Mineralization also occurs as disseminations and impregnations, especially in the vein selvages. Adjacent to and within zones of intense quartz veining, the predominant alteration assemblage is quartz + sericite + tourmaline + monazite. Some 35 metalliferous minerals have been detected at Deh Hosein. Arsenopyrite is the dominant sulfide mineral, with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite > pyrite > pyrrhotite. Cassiterite and ferberite are the rather abundant oxide minerals. The sulfide content in the ore is generally less than two volume percent. Arsenopyrite associated with early alteration and veining typically contains 1-150µm large inclusions of native bismuth, bismite and bismuthinite. Gold occurs in “invisible” form in the arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals of Deh Hosein. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA in the ore ranged from 0.05 to 13.3 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 10%, 6.7%, 2420ppm, and 1800ppm, respectively. At Astaneh, gold mineralization is confined to the NW-SE trending Astaneh intrusion that is composed mainly of biotite granite (98.9 ± 1.0 Ma; Masoudi 1997), which is locally accompanied by granodiorite, tourmaline granite and quartz diorite. The northeastern part of the Astaneh intrusion has been cut by the Shirmazd granodiorite. This stock is about 400 m in diameter and Eocene in age (Rb/Sr and single zircon evaporation methods, this study). The Shirmazd granodiorite has been cut by NE-trending microgranodiorite dykes. Gold mineralization occurs mainly as NE-trending quartz- and quartz-sulfide veins and veinlets, as well as in disseminations in the Shirmazd stock and the intersecting microgranodiorite dykes, and in some nearby, smaller, altered granitic stocks. Alteration minerals include sericite, chlorite, quartz, calcite and in some cases kaolinite. At Astaneh chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite are the major sulfide minerals, of which the latter contains 1-50 µm sized inclusions of native bismuth and bismite. Gold occurs in both visible and invisible forms at Astaneh. Visible gold has been reported in the form of very fine grained particles (<15 µm) either in goethite produced from the oxidation of chalcopyrite or in sericitized plagioclase (Hashemi 2002), while invisible gold occurs in arsenopyrite and bismuth-bearing minerals. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 9.5 ppm, while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to 1%, 0.05%, 100 ppm and 138ppm, respectively. The Nezam Abad mineralization is hosted by a Lower-Mid Eocene quartz diorite unit. This rock unit has been cut by several aplitic and quartz or quartz-tourmaline veins; the latter host the mineralization. The faults of the area are NW-, NE- and N-trending. Associated alteration minerals include quartz, chlorite, sericite, and tourmaline. At Nezam Abad, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and scheelite are the most abundant ore minerals. Gold occurs as “invisible” form predominantly in arsenopyrite with bismuth inclusions at Nezam Abad. Bulk gold contents determined by NAA ranged from 0.05 to 36.2 ppm while the Cu, Sn, W, and Bi concentrations of veins range up to %10, %0.87, %3.37 and 548ppm, respectively (Farhadian 1999). In all three occurrences, gold shows positive correlations with arsenic, bismuth, selenium, silver, tellurium and antimony. Microprobe investigations revealed that the arsenopyrites from Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad contain 32.3 to 34.3, 30.7 to 31.4, and 33.6 to 35.6 atomic percent of arsenic. Average compositions lead to the conclusion that the mineralization formed at temperatures of 460°C, 410° to 380°C and 565° to 510 °C, respectively. Oxygen isotope ratios for gold-bearing quartz veins in the area range from 13.6 to 19.2‰ for Deh Hosein, from 11.5 to 13.7‰ for Astaneh and from 11.6 to 15‰ (V-SMOW) for Nezam Abad. The oxygen isotope data suggest a metamorphic or a mixed magmatic-metamorphic source for the quartz veins. Measured sulfur isotope values for pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and arsenopyrite in quartz veins of the Deh Hosein, Astaneh and Nezam Abad range from -5.6 to 0‰, -0.5 to 1.8‰ and 1.2 to 4‰ (CDT), respectively. The sulfur-isotope values of all these occurrences are compatible with a magmatic sulfur source. Pb isotope ratios from the sulfide and host rock samples of the prospects indicate a good agreement between the lead ratios of the ore of Deh Hosein and the hosting meta-sandstone, the ore of Astaneh and the Shirmazd Stock and the ore of Nezam Abad and the hosting quartz diorite. The Pb isotope signatures of the ore from the three occurrences show also rather close ratios. According to the plumbotectonics model of Zartman and Doe (1981) the lead in the ores has a lower crustal Pb component. The studied occurrences share several similarities in terms of their mineralogy, geochemistry, formation temperatures, isotope ratios, alteration and occurrence of gold. They also indicate many similar features with the “intrusion-related gold systems” that have been described from Alaska, the Yukon and other parts of the world (e.g., Lang et al. 1997, 2000; McCoy et al. 1997; Thompson et al. 1999). According to the present data, it appears that a fertile magmatic source (probably of lower crustal origin) has affected the already present metamorphic rocks of the area (by remobilizing some of their elements) and caused a rather intensive gold mineralization in the area during the Pyrenean Orogeny. The extensive ancient mining relics at Deh Hosein, the simultaneous occurrence of tin and copper in it, together with frequent archaeological and ancient textual references which refer to the Iranian plateau as supplier of the raw material for the ancient Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran (Susa and Luristan) encouraged me to examine the possible relationship between the ore of this ancient mine and the ancient bronze artifacts. For this purpose, several bronze artifacts of typical Luristan style which date most probably to the Iranian Iron Age (from about 1300-1250 to 650 BCE) were investigated. The results were compared to the analyses of the Deh Hosein ore and other bronze artifacts previously published. Examination of 29 bronze artifacts from Luristan by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed that the Luristan bronzes show variable concentrations of As, Pb, Zn and Fe in addition to high concentrations of tin (0.48-15.4%). The ore composition of Deh Hosein is matched by several bronze artifacts from Luristan analyzed in this study as well as in previous investigations (Fleming et al. 2005). Even more noteworthy is the observation that the lead isotope ratios of the ore samples from Deh Hosein are in very good agreement with 25 samples of metal artifacts from Luristan and other bronze artifacts dated to the third millennium BCE from the southern Persian Gulf (Weeks 1999), the Aegean (Begemann et al. 1992), as well as from third millennium BCE sites in Luristan and Mesopotamia (Begemann & Schmitt-Strecker in preparation). At Deh Hosein, which is located at the western rim of the Luristan area and is close to ancient civilization centers of Susa and Mesopotamia, the ancient workings appear as numerous big ellipsoidal open depressions in two rows along the mineralized horizons. The old workings are up to 70 by 50m in size and up to 15m deep and are aligned over some 500m. Several hammer stones of silicified phyllite and granite, pottery shards and grinding stones have been found in the open-cast mines and adjacent ancient settlements. The pottery shards can be dated to the early first millennium BCE. Pieces of charcoal found in one of the diggings yielded a radiocarbon date of 3380 ± 55, which on calibration (2 sigma) results in an age range of 1775-1522 BCE. Several indications attest that Deh Hosein has been a major supplier of tin for ancient civilizations of Iran and Mesopotamia and perhaps even further west beginning in the third millennium BCE. In summary: i) The lead isotope compatibility of ores from Deh Hosein with many bronze artifacts from Bronze and Iron Age sites distributed from the southern Persian Gulf to the Aegean is good. ii) This is combined with a good match for trace element patterns of ores and artifacts. iii) Copper and tin occur within one mineralization. iv) Ancient textual references mention tin and bronze supply from regions east of Mesopotamia. v) The dating of surface finds of pottery and charcoal finally supports these findings. At present Deh Hosein is the only known copper-tin occurrence close to Luristan and Mesopotamia. The northern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone which is characterized by intrusion of several intrusive bodies in metamorphic terranes favors the occurrence of similar deposits as in the Astaneh-Sarband area. Thus, the prospects are good for further exploration in the region which may also reveal some other ancient mines. Close https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/48972 Close
2005
	Nezafati, Nima; Pernicka, Ernst: The Smelters of Sialk, outcomes of the first stage of archaeometallurgical researches at Tappeh Sialk. In: Shahmirzadi, Sadegh Malek (Ed.): The Fishermen of Sialk Archaeological Report Monograph Series , pp. 79-102, Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, 2005. (Type: Book Chapter \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @inbook{nokey, title = {The Smelters of Sialk, outcomes of the first stage of archaeometallurgical researches at Tappeh Sialk}, author = {Nima Nezafati and Ernst Pernicka }, editor = {Sadegh Malek Shahmirzadi }, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.1.1895.0482}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-00-00}, booktitle = {The Fishermen of Sialk Archaeological Report Monograph Series }, issue = {7}, pages = {79-102}, publisher = {Iranian Center for Archaeological Research}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.1895.0482 Close
2004
	Ladurner, Ulrich: Mullahs und Metallurgen. 2004. (Type: Miscellaneous \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @misc{nokey, title = {Mullahs und Metallurgen}, author = {Ulrich Ladurner }, url = {https://www.zeit.de/2004/08/A-Iran?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2F }, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Die Zeit}, number = {8}, pages = {31}, publisher = {Zeitverlag Gerd Bucerius GmbH & Co. KG}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {misc} } Close https://www.zeit.de/2004/08/A-Iran?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2F Close
2003
	Hauptmann, Andreas; Rehren, Thilo; Schmitt-Strecker, Sigrid: Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy at Shahr-i Sokhta, reconsidered. In: Man and Mining - Mensch und Bergbau. Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber. Der Anschnitt, vol. Beih. 16, pp. 197-213, 2003. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper) @article{nokey, title = {Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy at Shahr-i Sokhta, reconsidered}, author = {Andreas Hauptmann and Thilo Rehren and Sigrid Schmitt-Strecker }, url = {https://www.academia.edu/4260702/Early_Bronze_Age_copper_metallurgy_at_Shahr_i_Sokhta_Iran_reconsidered_Hauptmann_et_al_2003_FS_Weisgerber_ }, year = {2003}, date = {2003-00-00}, journal = {Man and Mining - Mensch und Bergbau. Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber. Der Anschnitt}, volume = {Beih. 16}, pages = {197-213}, publisher = {Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum}, abstract = {Between 2700 and 2500 BC, mixed sulphidic and oxidic copper ores were brought to the urban site of Shahr-i Sokhta in eastern Iran to be smelted in crucibles. The main ore component to be extracted was copper oxide with remnants of copper sulphide, following the co-smelting process. No deliberate attempt was made to roast the copper sulphide in order to exploit its copper content. After the smelt, the entire charge, comprising metal, matte and slag, was poured or tapped from the crucibles into a separate receptacle, where the metal / matte melt separated underneath the slag. The separation of copper metal was improved by its interaction with low-melting copper sulphides. Detailed analyses of texture and phase content of the slag provide information on the cooling process and the origin of various inclusions. The role of iron arsenide (speiss) from the site is discussed in the context of early arsenical copper. Lead isotope ratios of archaeometallurgical finds offer proof of a common, though probably complex origin of ores, slag, matte and copper, and indicate a possible provenance of ores from the Iranian Malik-i Siah Mountains west of Shar-i Sokhta. Teh scale or production indicates a domestic type of industry, while the technology being used appears more developed than that used throughout the Middle East, and can be seen as the beginnings of full slagging operations.}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close Between 2700 and 2500 BC, mixed sulphidic and oxidic copper ores were brought to the urban site of Shahr-i Sokhta in eastern Iran to be smelted in crucibles. The main ore component to be extracted was copper oxide with remnants of copper sulphide, following the co-smelting process. No deliberate attempt was made to roast the copper sulphide in order to exploit its copper content. After the smelt, the entire charge, comprising metal, matte and slag, was poured or tapped from the crucibles into a separate receptacle, where the metal / matte melt separated underneath the slag. The separation of copper metal was improved by its interaction with low-melting copper sulphides. Detailed analyses of texture and phase content of the slag provide information on the cooling process and the origin of various inclusions. The role of iron arsenide (speiss) from the site is discussed in the context of early arsenical copper. Lead isotope ratios of archaeometallurgical finds offer proof of a common, though probably complex origin of ores, slag, matte and copper, and indicate a possible provenance of ores from the Iranian Malik-i Siah Mountains west of Shar-i Sokhta. Teh scale or production indicates a domestic type of industry, while the technology being used appears more developed than that used throughout the Middle East, and can be seen as the beginnings of full slagging operations. Close https://www.academia.edu/4260702/Early_Bronze_Age_copper_metallurgy_at_Shahr_i_S[...] Close
	Pigott, Vincent Charles; Lechtman, Heather: Chalcolithic copper-base metallurgy on the Iranian plateau: a new look at old evidence from Tal-i lblis. In: Potts, Timothy; Roaf, Michael; Stein, Diana (Ed.): Culture through Objects. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of P.R.S. Moorey , pp. 291-312, Peeters, 2003, ISBN: 9780900416798. (Type: Book Chapter \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base) @inbook{nokey, title = {Chalcolithic copper-base metallurgy on the Iranian plateau: a new look at old evidence from Tal-i lblis}, author = {Vincent Charles Pigott and Heather Lechtman }, editor = {Timothy Potts and Michael Roaf and Diana Stein }, url = {https://www.peeters-leuven.be/detail.php?search_key=9780900416798&series_number_str=0&lang=en}, isbn = {9780900416798}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-00-00}, booktitle = {Culture through Objects. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of P.R.S. Moorey }, pages = {291-312}, publisher = {Peeters}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close https://www.peeters-leuven.be/detail.php?search_key=9780900416798&series_num[...] Close
2002
	Rastadt, E.; Miralipour, A. Monazami; Momenzadeh, M.: Sheikh-Ali Copper Deposit, a Cypurs-Type VMS Deposit Southeast Iran (Manuskript). In: Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, vol. 13, iss. 1, no. 1, pp. 51-63, 2002, ISSN: 1016-1104. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper) @article{nokey, title = {Sheikh-Ali Copper Deposit, a Cypurs-Type VMS Deposit Southeast Iran (Manuskript)}, author = {E. Rastadt and A. Monazami Miralipour and M. Momenzadeh }, url = {https://journal.ut.ac.ir/article_31754_febc650b98d1e09e80d49b5f408c2e9f.pdf}, issn = {1016-1104}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-00-00}, urldate = {2002-00-00}, journal = {Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, issue = {1}, pages = {51-63}, publisher = {National Center For Scientific Research}, abstract = {Sheikh-Ali copper deposit is located 300 km southeast Kennan in southeastem part of the Zagros ophiolite belt. The country rocks are volcano-sedimentary sequence of Upper Cretaceous in age. The rock units consist of pillow basalt lava, diabase, pelagic limestone, radiolarian chert and calcareous sandstone. These units locally have an eastwest trend and are emplaced between serpentinites and ultrabasics through a fault contact. The ore-bearing exhalative silicic horizon was deposited stratiformly at the contact between pillow lavas and pelagic limestones. Chloritic and propylitic alterations can be seen in the surrounding rocks. The geometry of ore is lenticular and the lenses are conformable with the pelagic limestones, as well as pillow basalt lavas. The mineral paragenesis includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, specularite, chert and calcite. The ore textures are massive, laminar, colloform, disseminated and rarely veinlets. Geochemical studies show excellent correlation between Cu and Zn in different part of the ore body. Furthermore, the REE pattems are similar in both the pillow basalts and the ore body. Geological, lithological, ore paragenesis and geochemical studies suggest that the deposit can be introduced as a Cyprus-type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, resulted from exhalatives and submarine volcanic fumarols, synchroneous with the formation of country rocks. }, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close Sheikh-Ali copper deposit is located 300 km southeast Kennan in southeastem part of the Zagros ophiolite belt. The country rocks are volcano-sedimentary sequence of Upper Cretaceous in age. The rock units consist of pillow basalt lava, diabase, pelagic limestone, radiolarian chert and calcareous sandstone. These units locally have an eastwest trend and are emplaced between serpentinites and ultrabasics through a fault contact. The ore-bearing exhalative silicic horizon was deposited stratiformly at the contact between pillow lavas and pelagic limestones. Chloritic and propylitic alterations can be seen in the surrounding rocks. The geometry of ore is lenticular and the lenses are conformable with the pelagic limestones, as well as pillow basalt lavas. The mineral paragenesis includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, specularite, chert and calcite. The ore textures are massive, laminar, colloform, disseminated and rarely veinlets. Geochemical studies show excellent correlation between Cu and Zn in different part of the ore body. Furthermore, the REE pattems are similar in both the pillow basalts and the ore body. Geological, lithological, ore paragenesis and geochemical studies suggest that the deposit can be introduced as a Cyprus-type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, resulted from exhalatives and submarine volcanic fumarols, synchroneous with the formation of country rocks. Close https://journal.ut.ac.ir/article_31754_febc650b98d1e09e80d49b5f408c2e9f.pdf Close
2000
	Stöllner, Thomas; Weisgerber, Gerd: Preliminary report on archaeometallurgical investigations around the prehistoric site of Arisman. In: Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, vol. 32, pp. 281-318, 2000. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Preliminary report on archaeometallurgical investigations around the prehistoric site of Arisman}, author = {Thomas Stöllner and Gerd Weisgerber}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321155006_Preliminary_report_on_archaeometallurgical_investigations_around_the_prehistoric_site_of_Arisman_near_Kashan_western_Central_Iran}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan}, volume = {32}, pages = {281-318}, publisher = {Reimer}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321155006_Preliminary_report_on_archaeo[...] Close
1997
	Vatandoust, Abdolrasool: International Symposium on Archaeometallurgy in Central and Western Asia. Research Centre for Conservation of Cultural Relics, 1997. (Type: Book \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @book{nokey, title = {International Symposium on Archaeometallurgy in Central and Western Asia}, author = {Abdolrasool Vatandoust }, year = {1997}, date = {1997-00-00}, booktitle = {Schedule & Information}, publisher = {Research Centre for Conservation of Cultural Relics}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {book} } Close
1996
	Hezarkhani, Zahra; Keesmann, Ingo: Archäometallurgische Untersuchungen an Kupferschlacken im Zentraliran. In: Metalla, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 101-125, 1996. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base) @article{nokey, title = {Archäometallurgische Untersuchungen an Kupferschlacken im Zentraliran}, author = {Zahra Hezarkhani and Ingo Keesmann }, year = {1996}, date = {1996-00-00}, journal = {Metalla}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {101-125}, publisher = {Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1994
	Bagherzadeh, C.; Hezarkhani, Zahra; Keesmann, I.; Kronz, A.; Sohni, A.: Archäometallurgie von Anarak-Maaden-e-Nakhlak. In: Berichte der Deutschen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft, Beiheft zu Euro. Jour. of Mineralogy, vol. 6, pp. 12, 1994. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Archäometallurgie von Anarak-Maaden-e-Nakhlak}, author = {C. Bagherzadeh and Zahra Hezarkhani and I. Keesmann and A. Kronz and A. Sohni }, year = {1994}, date = {1994-00-00}, journal = {Berichte der Deutschen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft, Beiheft zu Euro. Jour. of Mineralogy}, volume = {6}, pages = {12}, publisher = {Schweizerbart}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1992
	Hakemi, Ali: The Copper Smelting Furnaces of the Bronze Age in Shahdad. In: South Asian archaeology 1989 : papers from the Tenth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Musée National des Arts Asiatiques - Guimet, Paris, France, 3-7 July, 1989 , pp. 119-132, Prehistory Press, 1992. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age, Copper, Metal Resources) @inbook{nokey, title = {The Copper Smelting Furnaces of the Bronze Age in Shahdad}, author = {Ali Hakemi }, year = {1992}, date = {1992-00-00}, booktitle = {South Asian archaeology 1989 : papers from the Tenth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Musée National des Arts Asiatiques - Guimet, Paris, France, 3-7 July, 1989 }, pages = {119-132}, publisher = {Prehistory Press}, series = {Monographs in world archaeology}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age, Copper, Metal Resources}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
1987
	Malfoy, Jean-Michel; Menu, Michel: Les armes : La guerre et la chasse [excerpts]. In: Tallon, Françoise; Jean-Michel Malfoy,; Menu, Michel (Ed.): Metallurgie Susienne I. De la fondation de Suse au XVIIIe avant J.-C. , vol. 1, Ministère de la culture et de la communication, Paris, 1987, ISBN: 2711820688. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @inbook{nokey, title = {Les armes : La guerre et la chasse [excerpts]}, author = {Jean-Michel Malfoy and Michel Menu }, editor = {Françoise Tallon and Jean-Michel Malfoy, and Michel Menu}, isbn = {2711820688}, year = {1987}, date = {1987-00-00}, booktitle = {Metallurgie Susienne I. De la fondation de Suse au XVIIIe avant J.-C. }, volume = {1}, publisher = {Ministère de la culture et de la communication}, address = {Paris}, series = {Notes et documents des musées de France 15}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
1982
	Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart: Archaeology and Pre-Achaemenid Metalworking in Iran: A Fifteen Year Retrospective. In: Iran, vol. 20, pp. 81-101, 1982. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Archaeology and Pre-Achaemenid Metalworking in Iran: A Fifteen Year Retrospective}, author = {Peter Roger Stuart Moorey }, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299723 }, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4299723}, year = {1982}, date = {1982-00-00}, journal = {Iran}, volume = {20}, pages = {81-101}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299723 doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/4299723 Close
	Pigott, Vincent Charles; Howard, Susan M.; Epstein, Stephen Matheson: Pyrotechnology and culture change at bronze age Tepe Hissar, Iran. In: Wertime, Theodore A. (Ed.): Early pyrotechnology : the evolution of the first fire-using industries , pp. 215-236, Smithsonian Institution, 1982. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @inbook{nokey, title = {Pyrotechnology and culture change at bronze age Tepe Hissar, Iran}, author = {Vincent Charles Pigott and Susan M. Howard and Stephen Matheson Epstein }, editor = {Theodore A. Wertime}, year = {1982}, date = {1982-00-00}, booktitle = {Early pyrotechnology : the evolution of the first fire-using industries }, pages = {215-236}, publisher = {Smithsonian Institution}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
1980
	Pigott, Vincent Charles: The Iron Age in Western Iran. In: The Coming of the Age of Iron , pp. 417-461, Yale University Press, 1980. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @inbook{nokey, title = {The Iron Age in Western Iran}, author = {Vincent Charles Pigott}, year = {1980}, date = {1980-00-00}, booktitle = {The Coming of the Age of Iron }, pages = {417-461}, publisher = {Yale University Press}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
1979
	Shahmirzadi, Sadegh Malek: Copper, Bronze, and Their Implementation by Metalsmiths of Sagzabad, Qazvin Plain, Iran. In: Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, vol. 12, pp. 49-66, 1979. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Copper) @article{nokey, title = {Copper, Bronze, and Their Implementation by Metalsmiths of Sagzabad, Qazvin Plain, Iran}, author = {Sadegh Malek Shahmirzadi }, year = {1979}, date = {1979-00-00}, journal = {Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran}, volume = {12}, pages = {49-66}, publisher = {Reimer}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Copper}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
	Sperl, Gerhard: Ein Schlackenfund vom Kordlar-Tepe. In: Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, vol. 12, pp. 155-156, 1979. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Ein Schlackenfund vom Kordlar-Tepe}, author = {Gerhard Sperl}, year = {1979}, date = {1979-00-00}, journal = {Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran}, volume = {12}, pages = {155-156}, publisher = {Reimer}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
	Majidzadeh, Yousef: An early prehistoric coppersmith workshop at Tepe Ghabristan. In: Akten des VII. Internationalen Kongresses fur Iranische Kunst and Archäologie : München 7.-10. September 1976 , pp. 82-92, Reimer, 1979. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper) @inbook{nokey, title = {An early prehistoric coppersmith workshop at Tepe Ghabristan}, author = {Yousef Majidzadeh }, year = {1979}, date = {1979-00-00}, booktitle = {Akten des VII. Internationalen Kongresses fur Iranische Kunst and Archäologie : München 7.-10. September 1976 }, pages = {82-92}, publisher = {Reimer}, series = {Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran. Ergänzungsband 6}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
1978
	Momenzadeh, Morteza: Atlas of ancient mines and metallurgy sites of Iran: A preliminary working plan. In: Geological survey of Iran, 1978. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Resources) @article{nokey, title = {Atlas of ancient mines and metallurgy sites of Iran: A preliminary working plan}, author = {Morteza Momenzadeh }, year = {1978}, date = {1978-00-00}, journal = {Geological survey of Iran}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Resources}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1976
	Pigott, Vincent Charles: Archaeo-metallurgical Investigations at Bronze Age Tappeh Hesar. In: Robert H. Dyson, Jr.; Howard, Susan M. (Ed.): Tappeh Hesar. Reports of the Restudy Project , pp. 25-33, Casa editrice Le Lettere, 1976. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age) @inbook{nokey, title = {Archaeo-metallurgical Investigations at Bronze Age Tappeh Hesar}, author = {Vincent Charles Pigott }, editor = { Robert H. Dyson, Jr. and Susan M. Howard}, year = {1976}, date = {1976-00-00}, booktitle = {Tappeh Hesar. Reports of the Restudy Project }, pages = {25-33}, publisher = {Casa editrice Le Lettere}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze Age}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
1974
	Melikian-Chirvani, Assadullah Souren: The White Bronzes of Early Islamic Iran. In: Metropolitan Museum Journal, vol. 9, pp. 123-151, 1974. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Islamic era) @article{nokey, title = {The White Bronzes of Early Islamic Iran}, author = {Assadullah Souren Melikian-Chirvani}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1512659}, year = {1974}, date = {1974-01-01}, journal = {Metropolitan Museum Journal}, volume = {9}, pages = {123-151}, publisher = {The University of Chicago Press}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Islamic era}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1512659 Close
1972
	Schafighi, Sirius: Die Bleiminien von Ahängäran bei Mälazer (Zentral-Iran). 1972. (Type: PhD Thesis \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Resources) @phdthesis{nokey, title = {Die Bleiminien von Ahängäran bei Mälazer (Zentral-Iran)}, author = {Sirius Schafighi}, year = {1972}, date = {1972-00-00}, urldate = {1972-00-00}, howpublished = {Bern}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Resources}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {phdthesis} } Close
1971
	Waldbaum, Jane C.: A bronze and iron Iranian axe in the Fogg Art Museum. In: Mitten, David Gordon; Pedley, John Griffiths (Ed.): Studies presented to George M.A. Hanfmann , pp. 197-205, P. von Zabern, 1971. (Type: Book Chapter \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @inbook{nokey, title = {A bronze and iron Iranian axe in the Fogg Art Museum}, author = {Jane C. Waldbaum }, editor = {David Gordon Mitten and John Griffiths Pedley }, year = {1971}, date = {1971-00-00}, booktitle = {Studies presented to George M.A. Hanfmann }, pages = {197-205}, publisher = {P. von Zabern}, series = {Monographs in art and archaeology}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } Close
1970
	Tylecote, R. F.: Early metallurgy in the Near East. In: Metals and Materials, pp. 285-293, 1970. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Early metallurgy in the Near East}, author = {R.F. Tylecote}, year = {1970}, date = {1970-00-00}, urldate = {1970-00-00}, journal = {Metals and Materials}, pages = {285-293}, publisher = {Springer}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1969
	Moorey, P. R. S.: Prehistoric copper and bronze metallurgy in western Iran (with special reference to Luristan). In: Iran, vol. 7, pp. 131-154, 1969. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Copper, Luristan) @article{nokey, title = {Prehistoric copper and bronze metallurgy in western Iran (with special reference to Luristan)}, author = {P.R.S. Moorey}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4299618}, year = {1969}, date = {1969-00-00}, urldate = {1969-00-00}, journal = {Iran}, volume = {7}, pages = {131-154}, publisher = {Taylor & Francis, Ltd.}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Copper, Luristan}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/4299618 Close
1968
	Wertime, Theodore A.: A metallurgical Expedition through the Persian Desert. In: Science, vol. 159, no. 3818, pp. 927-935, 1968. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {A metallurgical Expedition through the Persian Desert}, author = {Theodore A. Wertime}, doi = {10.1126/science.159.3818.927}, year = {1968}, date = {1968-00-00}, urldate = {1968-00-00}, journal = {Science}, volume = {159}, number = {3818}, pages = {927-935}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close doi:10.1126/science.159.3818.927 Close
	Caldwell, Joseph R.: Tal-i-Iblis und der Beginn der Kupfer-Metallurgie im 5. Jahrtausend. In: Archaeologia Viva, vol. 1, pp. 145-150, 1968. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base) @article{nokey, title = {Tal-i-Iblis und der Beginn der Kupfer-Metallurgie im 5. Jahrtausend}, author = {Joseph R. Caldwell }, year = {1968}, date = {1968-00-00}, journal = {Archaeologia Viva}, volume = {1}, pages = {145-150}, publisher = {Giunti Gruppo Editoriale}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1967
	Smith, Cyril: Tal-i lblis: Metallurgical Archaeology. In: Iran, vol. 5, pp. 146-147, 1967. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Tal-i lblis: Metallurgical Archaeology}, author = {Cyril Smith}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4299593}, year = {1967}, date = {1967-01-01}, journal = {Iran}, volume = {5}, pages = {146-147}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/4299593 Close
1966
	Dougherty, Ralph C.: Evidence of early pyrometallurgy in the Kerman Range in Iran. In: Science, vol. 153, iss. 3739, pp. 984-985, 1966. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Kerman) @article{nokey, title = {Evidence of early pyrometallurgy in the Kerman Range in Iran}, author = {Ralph C. Dougherty}, doi = {10.1126/science.153.3739.984}, year = {1966}, date = {1966-00-00}, urldate = {1966-00-00}, journal = {Science}, volume = {153}, issue = {3739}, pages = {984-985}, abstract = {Physical and chemical analysis of pottery fragments, including a crucible shard and ore samples from Tal-i-Iblis, Iran, suggests that copper smelting may have been well advanced late in the fifth millennium B.C.}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Kerman}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close Physical and chemical analysis of pottery fragments, including a crucible shard and ore samples from Tal-i-Iblis, Iran, suggests that copper smelting may have been well advanced late in the fifth millennium B.C. Close doi:10.1126/science.153.3739.984 Close
1963
	Schürenberg, Horst: Über iranische Kupfererzvorkommen mit komplexen Kobalt-Nickelerzen. In: Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 200-230, 1963. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper) @article{nokey, title = {Über iranische Kupfererzvorkommen mit komplexen Kobalt-Nickelerzen}, author = {Horst Schürenberg}, year = {1963}, date = {1963-00-00}, journal = {Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, pages = {200-230}, publisher = {E.Schweizerbart'sche}, abstract = {Summary: she joins with three different mineral paragenesis occur in paleogene trachyandesites, La tight and the conglomerates of the series near Baytsche Bagh in Azerbeidshan. 1. Quartz, pyrite, carbonates and sulphides and copper. 2. Quatz, Native bismuth, cobalt arsenides and molybdenite were hitherto found only in the depth of 1 vein with copper ores (1.). 3. Quartz, pyrite, Carbonates, sphalerite, galenite and a small amount of copper sulphides which could only be found in the depth in two independent parallel running fissure veins close to veins of copper ore. These deposits are interpreted as a mesothermal subvolcanic formation. The deposits of the impregnation type of Talmessi and Meskani near Anrak in the central Iranian highland occur in paleogene dacite respectively and Andesite. They contain chalcocite, mainly as impregnations and small veinlets with complex nickel arsenides and traces of cobalt arsenides. during the mineralisation the content of sulphur diminished where the concentration of arsenic increased, so that parts of the copper sulphides were displaced by algodonite and domeykite. A second generation brought small amounts of henatitic quartz and pechblende. Later both occurrences were alterated by cementation. The primary meso-to epithermal formations are regarded to be subvolcanic.}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close Summary: she joins with three different mineral paragenesis occur in paleogene trachyandesites, La tight and the conglomerates of the series near Baytsche Bagh in Azerbeidshan. 1. Quartz, pyrite, carbonates and sulphides and copper. 2. Quatz, Native bismuth, cobalt arsenides and molybdenite were hitherto found only in the depth of 1 vein with copper ores (1.). 3. Quartz, pyrite, Carbonates, sphalerite, galenite and a small amount of copper sulphides which could only be found in the depth in two independent parallel running fissure veins close to veins of copper ore. These deposits are interpreted as a mesothermal subvolcanic formation. The deposits of the impregnation type of Talmessi and Meskani near Anrak in the central Iranian highland occur in paleogene dacite respectively and Andesite. They contain chalcocite, mainly as impregnations and small veinlets with complex nickel arsenides and traces of cobalt arsenides. during the mineralisation the content of sulphur diminished where the concentration of arsenic increased, so that parts of the copper sulphides were displaced by algodonite and domeykite. A second generation brought small amounts of henatitic quartz and pechblende. Later both occurrences were alterated by cementation. The primary meso-to epithermal formations are regarded to be subvolcanic. Close
1950
	Brown, T. B.: Ancient Mining and Metallurgy Committee, Second Report: Iron Objects from Azarbaijan. In: Man, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 7-9, 1950. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Azerbaijan, Iron, Mining) @article{nokey, title = {Ancient Mining and Metallurgy Committee, Second Report: Iron Objects from Azarbaijan}, author = {T. B. Brown}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/2792550}, year = {1950}, date = {1950-01-01}, urldate = {1950-00-00}, journal = {Man, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, pages = {7-9}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Azerbaijan, Iron, Mining}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close https://www.jstor.org/stable/2792550 Close
1949
	Maryon, Herbert: Metal Working in the Ancient World. In: American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 53, pp. 93-125, 1949. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy) @article{nokey, title = {Metal Working in the Ancient World}, author = {Herbert Maryon}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/500498}, year = {1949}, date = {1949-01-01}, urldate = {1949-01-01}, journal = {American Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {53}, pages = {93-125}, publisher = {American Institute of Archaeology}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/500498 Close
1940
	Nothing, Friedrich Wilhelm: Versuche zur Antimongewinnung in Anarek (Iran). In: Metall und Erz, vol. 37, pp. 106-109; 130-131, 1940. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources) @article{nokey, title = {Versuche zur Antimongewinnung in Anarek (Iran)}, author = {Friedrich Wilhelm Nothing }, year = {1940}, date = {1940-00-00}, journal = {Metall und Erz}, volume = {37}, pages = {106-109; 130-131}, publisher = {Verlag von Wilhelm Knapp in Halle (Saale) }, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1938
	Crawford, O. G. S.: Tin-Deposits in the Near-East. In: Antiquity, vol. 12, iss. 45, pp. 79-81, 1938. (Type: Journal Article \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Tin) @article{nokey, title = {Tin-Deposits in the Near-East}, author = {O.G.S. Crawford}, doi = {10.1017/S0003598X00013430}, year = {1938}, date = {1938-01-01}, journal = {Antiquity}, volume = {12}, issue = {45}, pages = {79-81}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Tin}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close doi:10.1017/S0003598X00013430 Close
1907
	Freise, Fr.: Geographische Verbreitung und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung des Bergbaus in Vorder- und Mittelasien während des Altertums. In: Zeitschrift für praktische Geologie, vol. 15, pp. 101-117, 1907. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Mining, Resources) @article{nokey, title = {Geographische Verbreitung und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung des Bergbaus in Vorder- und Mittelasien während des Altertums}, author = {Fr. Freise}, year = {1907}, date = {1907-00-00}, journal = {Zeitschrift für praktische Geologie}, volume = {15}, pages = {101-117}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Mining, Resources}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1904
	Stahl, Alexander Friedrich: Die Erze des Karadag in Persien. In: Chemiker-Zeitung, vol. 58, pp. 85, 1904. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources) @article{nokey, title = {Die Erze des Karadag in Persien}, author = {Alexander Friedrich Stahl }, year = {1904}, date = {1904-00-00}, journal = {Chemiker-Zeitung}, volume = {58}, pages = {85}, publisher = {Dr. Alfred Hüthig Verlag}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1898
	Helmhacker, R.: Die nutzbaren Lagerstätten Persiens. In: Zeitschrift für praktische Geologie, vol. 6, pp. 430-432, 1898. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Mining, Resources) @article{nokey, title = {Die nutzbaren Lagerstätten Persiens}, author = {R. Helmhacker}, year = {1898}, date = {1898-00-00}, journal = {Zeitschrift für praktische Geologie}, volume = {6}, pages = {430-432}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Metal Resources, Mining, Resources}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1895
	Mactear, James: Some notes on Persian mining and metallurgy. In: Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, vol. 3, pp. 2-39, 1895. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Mining) @article{nokey, title = {Some notes on Persian mining and metallurgy}, author = {James Mactear }, year = {1895}, date = {1895-00-00}, journal = {Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy}, volume = {3}, pages = {2-39}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Mining}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
1894
	Stahl, A. F.: Die Kupfererze Persiens. In: Chemiker Zeitung, vol. 18, pp. 3-4, 1894. (Type: Journal Article \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper) @article{nokey, title = {Die Kupfererze Persiens}, author = {A. F. Stahl}, year = {1894}, date = {1894-00-00}, urldate = {1894-00-00}, journal = {Chemiker Zeitung}, volume = {18}, pages = {3-4}, publisher = {Cöthen}, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close
0000
	Thornton, Christopher P.; Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C.; Liezers, Martin; Young, Suzanne M. M.: On Pins and Needles: Tracing the Evolution of Copper-base Alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS Analysis of Common-place Items. In: Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 29, iss. 12, 0000. (Type: Journal Article \| Abstract \| Links \| BibTeX \| Tags: Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base) @article{nokey, title = {On Pins and Needles: Tracing the Evolution of Copper-base Alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS Analysis of Common-place Items}, author = {Christopher P. Thornton and C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky and Martin Liezers and Suzanne M. M. Young }, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2002.0809}, journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science}, volume = {29}, issue = {12}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {From 1967 to 1975 a team of archaeologists excavated the site of Tepe Yahya in southeastern Iran under the direction of C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky. Although there are two forthcoming “final reports” (Hiebert (in progress), and Magee (in press); see also Lamberg-Karlovsky & Potts, 2001), analysis of the materials continues as opportunities allow. Metal artefacts, most especially those made of copper and its alloys, are found at this site from the late Neolithic through the Iron Age. Archaeometallurgical analysis, radiocarbon chronologies, and archaeological interpretation allow one to state when and how a type of metal or a style of object was invented, its use as a trade item, and its function and value to an ancient community. In the hopes of establishing a framework for future archaeometallurgical studies, most of the metal artefacts from Tepe Yahya, Iran, stored in the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, were analysed for elemental composition to complement stylistic and metallographic data. }, keywords = {Archaeometallurgy, Copper, copper base}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Close From 1967 to 1975 a team of archaeologists excavated the site of Tepe Yahya in southeastern Iran under the direction of C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky. Although there are two forthcoming “final reports” (Hiebert (in progress), and Magee (in press); see also Lamberg-Karlovsky & Potts, 2001), analysis of the materials continues as opportunities allow. Metal artefacts, most especially those made of copper and its alloys, are found at this site from the late Neolithic through the Iron Age. Archaeometallurgical analysis, radiocarbon chronologies, and archaeological interpretation allow one to state when and how a type of metal or a style of object was invented, its use as a trade item, and its function and value to an ancient community. In the hopes of establishing a framework for future archaeometallurgical studies, most of the metal artefacts from Tepe Yahya, Iran, stored in the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, were analysed for elemental composition to complement stylistic and metallographic data. Close doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2002.0809 Close

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